FRCD

Basic Info

Common Name	Benzene(F03271)
2D Structure
Description	Benzene is a toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. Chronic benzene exposure produces hematotoxicity, bone marrow dysplasia (Displasia is a pre-neoplastic or pre-cancerous change). (A7669). It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
FRCD ID	F03271
CAS Number	71-43-2
PubChem CID	241
Formula	C6H6
IUPAC Name	benzene
InChI Key	UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI	InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H
Canonical SMILES	C1=CC=CC=C1
Isomeric SMILES	C1=CC=CC=C1
Wikipedia	Benzene
Synonyms	benzene benzol benzole Cyclohexatriene Pyrobenzole Benzine Phenyl hydride Benzen 71-43-2 Pyrobenzol
Classifies	Pollutant Pesticide
Update Date	Nov 13, 2018 17:07

Chemical Taxonomy

Kingdom	Organic compounds
Superclass	Benzenoids
Class	Benzene and substituted derivatives
Subclass	Not available
Intermediate Tree Nodes	Not available
Direct Parent	Benzene and substituted derivatives
Alternative Parents	Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Molecular Framework	Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
Substituents	Monocyclic benzene moiety - Aromatic hydrocarbon - Unsaturated hydrocarbon - Hydrocarbon - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Description	This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzene and substituted derivatives. These are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene.

Properties

Property Name	Property Value
Molecular Weight	78.114
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	0
Rotatable Bond Count	0
Complexity	15.5
Monoisotopic Mass	78.047
Exact Mass	78.047
XLogP	2.1
Formal Charge	0
Heavy Atom Count	6
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Isotope Atom Count	0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count	1

ADMET

Model	Result	Probability
Absorption
Blood-Brain Barrier	BBB+	0.9733
Human Intestinal Absorption	HIA+	0.9932
Caco-2 Permeability	Caco2+	0.9178
P-glycoprotein Substrate	Non-substrate	0.8344
P-glycoprotein Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9820
P-glycoprotein Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9917
Renal Organic Cation Transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.8592
Distribution
Subcellular localization	Lysosome	0.5061
Metabolism
CYP450 2C9 Substrate	Non-substrate	0.8313
CYP450 2D6 Substrate	Non-substrate	0.9161
CYP450 3A4 Substrate	Non-substrate	0.8289
CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.7641
CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9444
CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9647
CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9484
CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9769
CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.7685
Excretion
Toxicity
Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition	Weak inhibitor	0.9374
Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition	Non-inhibitor	0.9728
AMES Toxicity	Non AMES toxic	0.9859
Carcinogens	Non-carcinogens	0.5662
Fish Toxicity	High FHMT	0.7422
Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity	High TPT	0.9746
Honey Bee Toxicity	High HBT	0.7619
Biodegradation	Ready biodegradable	0.6481
Acute Oral Toxicity	III	0.8411
Carcinogenicity (Three-class)	Warning	0.5524

Model	Value	Unit
Absorption
Aqueous solubility	-2.2668	LogS
Caco-2 Permeability	2.1135	LogPapp, cm/s
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Toxicity
Rat Acute Toxicity	1.7956	LD50, mol/kg
Fish Toxicity	1.1202	pLC50, mg/L
Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity	-0.2454	pIGC50, ug/L

References

Title	Journal	Date	Pubmed ID
Role of glutathione S-transferases in detoxification of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, methylcholanthrene.	Chem Biol Interact	2018 Oct 1	30145136
Identification and analysis of the reactive metabolites related to the hepatotoxicity of safrole.	Xenobiotica	2018 Nov	29082813
Pharmacological and Nutritional Effects of Natural Coumarins and Their Structure-Activity Relationships.	Mol Nutr Food Res	2018 May 11	29750855
Risk assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic alkenylbenzenes in botanical containing products present on the Chinese market.	Food Chem Toxicol	2018 May	29551591
Antibacterial activity and in situ efficacy of Bidens pilosa Linn and Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn extracts against common diarrhoea-causing waterborne bacteria.	BMC Complement Altern Med	2018 Jun 1	29859076
Degradation and decolourization potential of an ligninolytic enzyme producingAeromonas hydrophila for crystal violet dye and its phytotoxicity evaluation.	Ecotoxicol Environ Saf	2018 Jul 30	29550434
Novel application of magnetic nano-carbon composite as redox mediator in thereductive biodegradation of iopromide in anaerobic continuous systems.	Appl Microbiol Biotechnol	2018 Jul 30	30058007
Isolation of Phytotoxic Phenols and Characterization of a New 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-isopropoxyphenol from Dothiorella vidmadera, a Causal Agent of Grapevine Trunk Disease.	J Agric Food Chem	2018 Feb 28	29397696
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Extracting Media for the Chromatographic Determination of Antibiotics in Milk.	Molecules	2018 Feb 2	29393877
Toxicological effects of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) leaf essential oil against human disease vectors, Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti Linn., and impacts on a beneficial mosquito predator.	Environ Sci Pollut Res Int	2018 Apr	28455566
Lifetime excess cancer risk due to carcinogens in food and beverages: Urbanversus rural differences in Canada.	Can J Public Health	2017 Sep 14	28910252
Biotechnological production of aromatic compounds of the extended shikimatepathway from renewable biomass.	J Biotechnol	2017 Sep 10	27871872
Influence of physicochemical characteristics and high pressure processing on the volatile fraction of Iberian dry-cured ham.	Meat Sci	2017 Sep	28463751
Density functional theory study of adsorption geometries and electronicstructures of azo-dye-based molecules on anatase TiO2 surface for dye-sensitized solar cell applications.	J Mol Graph Model	2017 Sep	28688705
Determination and risk assessment of naturally occurring genotoxic and carcinogenic alkenylbenzenes in nutmeg-based plant food supplements.	J Appl Toxicol	2017 Oct	28556924
Antifungal toxicity of linear geranylphenol. Influence of oxigenate substituents.	Food Chem Toxicol	2017 Nov	28528250
Comparison study on antioxidant, DNA damage protective and antibacterialactivities of eugenol and isoeugenol against several foodborne pathogens.	Food Nutr Res	2017 Jul 18	28804441
Acceptability and Preference Drivers of Freshly Roasted Peanuts.	J Food Sci	2017 Jan	27886380
Neuroprotection and reduced gliosis by pre- and post-treatments of hydroquinonein a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia.	Chem Biol Interact	2017 Dec 25	28137511
Mimicking of cyproconazole behavior in the presence of Cu and Zn.	Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom	2017 Dec 15	28901039

Targets

Target Details

Fas-binding factor 1

Specific Function:: Keratin-binding protein required for epithelial cell polarization. Involved in apical junction complex (AJC) assembly via its interaction with PARD3. Required for ciliogenesis.
Gene Name:: FBF1
Uniprot ID:: Q8TES7
Molecular Weight:: 125445.19 Da

References

Bechtold WE, Willis JK, Sun JD, Griffith WC, Reddy TV: Biological markers of exposure to benzene: S-phenylcysteine in albumin. Carcinogenesis. 1992 Jul;13(7):1217-20. [1638689 ]

Target Details

DNA topoisomerase 2-beta

General Function:: Protein kinase c binding
Specific Function:: Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks.
Gene Name:: TOP2B
Uniprot ID:: Q02880
Molecular Weight:: 183265.825 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

DNA polymerase subunit gamma-1

General Function:: Protease binding
Specific Function:: Involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
Gene Name:: POLG
Uniprot ID:: P54098
Molecular Weight:: 139561.06 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

DNA polymerase subunit gamma-2, mitochondrial

General Function:: Dna-directed dna polymerase activity
Specific Function:: Mitochondrial polymerase processivity subunit. Stimulates the polymerase and exonuclease activities, and increases the processivity of the enzyme. Binds to ss-DNA.
Gene Name:: POLG2
Uniprot ID:: Q9UHN1
Molecular Weight:: 54910.67 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha

General Function:: Ubiquitin binding
Specific Function:: Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks. Essential during mitosis and meiosis for proper segregation of daughter chromosomes. May play a role in regulating the period length of ARNTL/BMAL1 transcriptional oscillation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TOP2A
Uniprot ID:: P11388
Molecular Weight:: 174383.88 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

General Function:: Peptide binding
Specific Function:: Receptor for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) that mediates the action of GnRH to stimulate the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This receptor mediates its action by association with G-proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Isoform 2 may act as an inhibitor of GnRH-R signaling.
Gene Name:: GNRHR
Uniprot ID:: P30968
Molecular Weight:: 37730.355 Da

References

Bonger KM, van den Berg RJ, Knijnenburg AD, Heitman LH, Ijzerman AP, Oosterom J, Timmers CM, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA: Synthesis and evaluation of homodimeric GnRHR antagonists having a rigid bis-propargylated benzene core. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Apr 1;16(7):3744-58. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.01.054. Epub 2008 Feb 2. [18282756 ]

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit alpha

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:: Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
Gene Name:: HBA1
Uniprot ID:: P69905
Molecular Weight:: 15257.405 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit epsilon

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:: The epsilon chain is a beta-type chain of early mammalian embryonic hemoglobin.
Gene Name:: HBE1
Uniprot ID:: P02100
Molecular Weight:: 16202.71 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:: Gamma chains make up the fetal hemoglobin F, in combination with alpha chains.
Gene Name:: HBG1
Uniprot ID:: P69891
Molecular Weight:: 16140.37 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit gamma-2

General Function:: Gamma chains make up the fetal hemoglobin F, in combination with alpha chains.
Specific Function:: Heme binding
Gene Name:: HBG2
Uniprot ID:: P69892
Molecular Weight:: 16126.35 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit theta-1

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Gene Name:: HBQ1
Uniprot ID:: P09105
Molecular Weight:: 15507.575 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit zeta

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:: The zeta chain is an alpha-type chain of mammalian embryonic hemoglobin.
Gene Name:: HBZ
Uniprot ID:: P02008
Molecular Weight:: 15636.845 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1.0

General Function:: Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:: Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The H1F0 histones are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division.
Gene Name:: H1F0
Uniprot ID:: P07305
Molecular Weight:: 20862.775 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1.1

General Function:: Chromatin dna binding
Specific Function:: Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: HIST1H1A
Uniprot ID:: Q02539
Molecular Weight:: 21841.89 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1.2

General Function:: Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:: Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: HIST1H1C
Uniprot ID:: P16403
Molecular Weight:: 21364.57 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1.3

General Function:: Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:: Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: HIST1H1D
Uniprot ID:: P16402
Molecular Weight:: 22349.71 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2

General Function:: Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
Specific Function:: Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Inhibits Wnt signaling.
Gene Name:: RRM2
Uniprot ID:: P31350
Molecular Weight:: 44877.25 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1.5

General Function:: Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:: Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: HIST1H1B
Uniprot ID:: P16401
Molecular Weight:: 22579.945 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1oo

General Function:: Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:: May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure. Essential for meiotic maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes. The somatic type linker histone H1c is rapidly replaced by H1oo in a donor nucleus transplanted into an oocyte. The greater mobility of H1oo as compared to H1c may contribute to this rapid replacement and increased instability of the embryonic chromatin structure. The rapid replacement of H1c with H1oo may play an important role in nuclear remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:: H1FOO
Uniprot ID:: Q8IZA3
Molecular Weight:: 35813.185 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1t

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:: HIST1H1T
Uniprot ID:: P22492
Molecular Weight:: 22018.82 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H1x

General Function:: Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:: Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:: H1FX
Uniprot ID:: Q92522
Molecular Weight:: 22487.0 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1

General Function:: Enzyme binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AG
Uniprot ID:: P0C0S8
Molecular Weight:: 14091.375 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1-A

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AA
Uniprot ID:: Q96QV6
Molecular Weight:: 14233.39 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1-B/E

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AB
Uniprot ID:: P04908
Molecular Weight:: 14135.385 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1-C

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AC
Uniprot ID:: Q93077
Molecular Weight:: 14105.355 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1-D

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AD
Uniprot ID:: P20671
Molecular Weight:: 14107.375 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 2-A

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2AA3
Uniprot ID:: Q6FI13
Molecular Weight:: 14095.385 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 2-C

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2AC
Uniprot ID:: Q16777
Molecular Weight:: 13988.26 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 3

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST3H2A
Uniprot ID:: Q7L7L0
Molecular Weight:: 14121.355 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.
Gene Name:: H2AFB2
Uniprot ID:: P0C5Z0
Molecular Weight:: 12713.25 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A.Z

General Function:: Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:: Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division.
Gene Name:: H2AFZ
Uniprot ID:: P0C0S5
Molecular Weight:: 13552.635 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-A

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells. Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones. Also expressed maternally and is present in the female pronucleus, suggesting a similar role in protamine replacement by nucleosomes at fertilization (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BA
Uniprot ID:: Q96A08
Molecular Weight:: 14167.38 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-B

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BB
Uniprot ID:: P33778
Molecular Weight:: 13950.075 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BC
Uniprot ID:: P62807
Molecular Weight:: 13906.035 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-1 chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBB1
Uniprot ID:: Q9H4B7
Molecular Weight:: 50326.56 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-H

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BH
Uniprot ID:: Q93079
Molecular Weight:: 13892.005 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-K

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BK
Uniprot ID:: O60814
Molecular Weight:: 13890.035 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-L

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BL
Uniprot ID:: Q99880
Molecular Weight:: 13952.095 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-M

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BM
Uniprot ID:: Q99879
Molecular Weight:: 13989.175 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-N

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BN
Uniprot ID:: Q99877
Molecular Weight:: 13922.035 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-O

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BO
Uniprot ID:: P23527
Molecular Weight:: 13906.025 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H3.2

General Function:: Histone binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H3A
Uniprot ID:: Q71DI3
Molecular Weight:: 15387.865 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 2-F

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2BF
Uniprot ID:: Q5QNW6
Molecular Weight:: 13920.065 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 3-B

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST3H2BB
Uniprot ID:: Q8N257
Molecular Weight:: 13908.005 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type F-M

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: H2BFM
Uniprot ID:: P0C1H6
Molecular Weight:: 17001.165 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type F-S

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:: H2BFS
Uniprot ID:: P57053
Molecular Weight:: 13944.085 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type W-T

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Atypical histone H2B. Nucleosomes containing it are structurally and dynamically indistinguishable from those containing conventional H2B. However, unlike conventional H2B, does not recruit chromosome condensation factors and does not participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. May be important for telomere function.
Gene Name:: H2BFWT
Uniprot ID:: Q7Z2G1
Molecular Weight:: 19618.3 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H3-like centromeric protein A

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer can bind DNA by itself (in vitro).
Gene Name:: CENPA
Uniprot ID:: P49450
Molecular Weight:: 15990.395 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H3.1

General Function:: Histone binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H3A
Uniprot ID:: P68431
Molecular Weight:: 15403.925 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H3.1t

General Function:: Histone binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST3H3
Uniprot ID:: Q16695
Molecular Weight:: 15508.105 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H3.3C

General Function:: Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Hominid-specific H3.5/H3F3C preferentially colocalizes with euchromatin, and it is associated with actively transcribed genes.
Gene Name:: H3F3C
Uniprot ID:: Q6NXT2
Molecular Weight:: 15213.57 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H4

General Function:: Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H4A
Uniprot ID:: P62805
Molecular Weight:: 11367.3 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H4-like protein type G

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:: HIST1H4G
Uniprot ID:: Q99525
Molecular Weight:: 11009.065 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Putative histone H2B type 2-C

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2BC
Uniprot ID:: Q6DN03
Molecular Weight:: 21471.81 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Putative histone H2B type 2-D

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2BD
Uniprot ID:: Q6DRA6
Molecular Weight:: 18017.875 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Putative tubulin beta chain-like protein ENSP00000290377

Uniprot ID:: A6NKZ8
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Putative tubulin beta-4q chain

Uniprot ID:: Q99867
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Putative tubulin-like protein alpha-4B

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Gene Name:: TUBA4B
Uniprot ID:: Q9H853
Molecular Weight:: 27551.01 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit

General Function:: Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
Specific Function:: Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Gene Name:: RRM1
Uniprot ID:: P23921
Molecular Weight:: 90069.375 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Serum albumin

General Function:: Toxic substance binding
Specific Function:: Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc.
Gene Name:: ALB
Uniprot ID:: P02768
Molecular Weight:: 69365.94 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Testis-specific H1 histone

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1 (By similarity).
Gene Name:: H1FNT
Uniprot ID:: Q75WM6
Molecular Weight:: 28115.69 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha chain-like 3

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBAL3
Uniprot ID:: A6NHL2
Molecular Weight:: 49908.305 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-1A chain

General Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Specific Function:: Gtp binding
Gene Name:: TUBA1A
Uniprot ID:: Q71U36
Molecular Weight:: 50135.25 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-1B chain

General Function:: Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBA1B
Uniprot ID:: P68363
Molecular Weight:: 50151.24 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-1C chain

General Function:: Structural molecule activity
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBA1C
Uniprot ID:: Q9BQE3
Molecular Weight:: 49894.93 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBA3C
Uniprot ID:: Q13748
Molecular Weight:: 49959.145 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-3E chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBA3E
Uniprot ID:: Q6PEY2
Molecular Weight:: 49858.135 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-4A chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBA4A
Uniprot ID:: P68366
Molecular Weight:: 49923.995 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin alpha-8 chain

General Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Specific Function:: Gtp binding
Gene Name:: TUBA8
Uniprot ID:: Q9NY65
Molecular Weight:: 50093.12 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta chain

General Function:: Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBB
Uniprot ID:: P07437
Molecular Weight:: 49670.515 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-3 chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain. TUBB3 plays a critical role in proper axon guidance and mantainance.
Gene Name:: TUBB3
Uniprot ID:: Q13509
Molecular Weight:: 50432.355 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-4A chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBB4A
Uniprot ID:: P04350
Molecular Weight:: 49585.475 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-4B chain

General Function:: Unfolded protein binding
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.
Gene Name:: TUBB4B
Uniprot ID:: P68371
Molecular Weight:: 49830.72 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-6 chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBB6
Uniprot ID:: Q9BUF5
Molecular Weight:: 49856.785 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-8 chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBB8
Uniprot ID:: Q3ZCM7
Molecular Weight:: 49775.655 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-8 chain-like protein LOC260334

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Uniprot ID:: A6NNZ2
Molecular Weight:: 49572.265 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin delta chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: In the elongating spermatid it is associated with the manchette, a specialized microtubule system present during reshaping of the sperm head.
Gene Name:: TUBD1
Uniprot ID:: Q9UJT1
Molecular Weight:: 51033.86 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin epsilon chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Gene Name:: TUBE1
Uniprot ID:: Q9UJT0
Molecular Weight:: 52931.4 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin gamma-1 chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome. Pericentriolar matrix component that regulates alpha/beta chain minus-end nucleation, centrosome duplication and spindle formation.
Gene Name:: TUBG1
Uniprot ID:: P23258
Molecular Weight:: 51169.48 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin gamma-2 chain

General Function:: Structural molecule activity
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome. Pericentriolar matrix component that regulates alpha/beta chain minus-end nucleation, centrosome duplication and spindle formation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBG2
Uniprot ID:: Q9NRH3
Molecular Weight:: 51091.32 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1-H

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AH
Uniprot ID:: Q96KK5
Molecular Weight:: 13906.145 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit beta

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:: Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.Spinorphin: functions as an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes such as DPP3, and as a selective antagonist of the P2RX3 receptor which is involved in pain signaling, these properties implicate it as a regulator of pain and inflammation.
Gene Name:: HBB
Uniprot ID:: P68871
Molecular Weight:: 15998.34 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Amyloid beta A4 protein

General Function:: Transition metal ion binding
Specific Function:: Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with overexpressed HADH2 leads to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Also binds GPC1 in lipid rafts.Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain.The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).
Gene Name:: APP
Uniprot ID:: P05067
Molecular Weight:: 86942.715 Da

References

Lee KH, Shin BH, Shin KJ, Kim DJ, Yu J: A hybrid molecule that prohibits amyloid fibrils and alleviates neuronal toxicity induced by beta-amyloid (1-42). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Mar 25;328(4):816-23. [15707952 ]

Target Details

Glucocorticoid receptor

General Function:: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:: Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Could act as a coactivator for STAT5-dependent transcription upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation and could reveal an essential role of hepatic GR in the control of body growth. Involved in chromatin remodeling. May play a negative role in adipogenesis through the regulation of lipolytic and antilipogenic genes expression.
Gene Name:: NR3C1
Uniprot ID:: P04150
Molecular Weight:: 85658.57 Da

References

Clark RD, Ray NC, Blaney P, Crackett PH, Hurley C, Williams K, Dyke HJ, Clark DE, Lockey PM, Devos R, Wong M, White A, Belanoff JK: 2-Benzenesulfonyl-8a-benzyl-hexahydro-2H-isoquinolin-6-ones as selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Oct 15;17(20):5704-8. Epub 2007 Aug 19. [17822897 ]

Target Details

Hemoglobin subunit delta

General Function:: Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:: Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
Gene Name:: HBD
Uniprot ID:: P02042
Molecular Weight:: 16055.41 Da
Mechanism of Action:: The binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin lead to decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histamine H3 receptor

General Function:: Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function:: The H3 subclass of histamine receptors could mediate the histamine signals in CNS and peripheral nervous system. Signals through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and displays high constitutive activity (spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist). Agonist stimulation of isoform 3 neither modified adenylate cyclase activity nor induced intracellular calcium mobilization.
Gene Name:: HRH3
Uniprot ID:: Q9Y5N1
Molecular Weight:: 48670.81 Da

References

Peschke B, Bak S, Hohlweg R, Nielsen R, Viuff D, Rimvall K: Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamides and benzo[b]furan-2-carboxamides are potent antagonists of the human H3-receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Jun 15;16(12):3162-5. Epub 2006 Apr 17. [16616493 ]

Target Details

Histone H1.4

General Function:: Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:: Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: HIST1H1E
Uniprot ID:: P10412
Molecular Weight:: 21865.02 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 1-J

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2AJ
Uniprot ID:: Q99878
Molecular Weight:: 13936.175 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A type 2-B

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2AB
Uniprot ID:: Q8IUE6
Molecular Weight:: 13995.205 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A-Bbd type 1

General Function:: Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing (PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16287874, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:17726088, PubMed:18329190, PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24336483). They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase (PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24753410). They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing (PubMed:22795134).
Specific Function:: Dna binding
Gene Name:: H2AFB1
Uniprot ID:: P0C5Y9
Molecular Weight:: 12697.21 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A.J

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: H2AFJ
Uniprot ID:: Q9BTM1
Molecular Weight:: 14019.3 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2A.V

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
Gene Name:: H2AFV
Uniprot ID:: Q71UI9
Molecular Weight:: 13508.575 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2AX

General Function:: Histone binding
Specific Function:: Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.
Gene Name:: H2AFX
Uniprot ID:: P16104
Molecular Weight:: 15144.45 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-D

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BD
Uniprot ID:: P58876
Molecular Weight:: 13936.065 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 1-J

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:: HIST1H2BJ
Uniprot ID:: P06899
Molecular Weight:: 13904.055 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H2B type 2-E

General Function:: Dna binding
Specific Function:: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:: HIST2H2BE
Uniprot ID:: Q16778
Molecular Weight:: 13920.055 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Histone H3.3

General Function:: Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:: Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:: H3F3A
Uniprot ID:: P84243
Molecular Weight:: 15327.745 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of histone leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B

General Function:: Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
Specific Function:: Plays a pivotal role in cell survival by repairing damaged DNA in a p53/TP53-dependent manner. Supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA repair in cells arrested at G1 or G2. Contains an iron-tyrosyl free radical center required for catalysis. Forms an active ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex with RRM1 which is expressed both in resting and proliferating cells in response to DNA damage.
Gene Name:: RRM2B
Uniprot ID:: Q7LG56
Molecular Weight:: 40736.11 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Benzene binding of DNA associated proteins leads to mutagenic effects.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-2A chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: TUBB2A
Uniprot ID:: Q13885
Molecular Weight:: 49906.67 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Target Details

Tubulin beta-2B chain

General Function:: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function:: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity). TUBB2B is implicated in neuronal migration.
Gene Name:: TUBB2B
Uniprot ID:: Q9BVA1
Molecular Weight:: 49952.76 Da
Mechanism of Action:: Direct binding of tubulin leads to protein damage.

References

ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.html

Benzene

(right click,save link as to download,it is a temp file,please download as soon as possible, you can also use CTRL+S to save the whole html page)

Basic Info

Chemical Taxonomy

Properties

ADMET

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