Toluene
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Toluene(F03324) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Toluene is found in allspice. Toluene is isolated from distilled tolu balsam (Myroxylon balsamum). Minor constituent of lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia).Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. (Wikipedia) Toluene has been shown to exhibit beta-oxidant, depressant, hepatoprotective, anesthetic and neurotransmitter functions (A7693, A7694, A7695, A7696, A7697). |
| FRCD ID | F03324 |
| CAS Number | 108-88-3 |
| PubChem CID | 1140 |
| Formula | C7H8 |
| IUPAC Name | toluene |
| InChI Key | YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3 |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1=CC=CC=C1 |
| Isomeric SMILES | CC1=CC=CC=C1 |
| Wikipedia | Toluene |
| Synonyms |
methylbenzol
toluene
methylbenzene
toluol
108-88-3
Phenylmethane
Benzene, methyl-
methacide
Toluen
antisal 1a
|
| Classifies |
Pollutant
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Toluenes |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Toluenes |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Toluene - Aromatic hydrocarbon - Unsaturated hydrocarbon - Hydrocarbon - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as toluenes. These are compounds containing a benzene ring which bears a methane group. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 92.141 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Complexity | 42 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 92.063 |
| Exact Mass | 92.063 |
| XLogP | 2.7 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 7 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
ADMET
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9729 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 0.9961 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.9071 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7829 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9763 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9901 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.8661 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Lysosome | 0.5483 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7760 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.9116 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8011 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7665 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9548 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9634 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9690 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9660 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.8270 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9287 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9689 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.9913 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.5448 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.7497 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9854 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.7397 |
| Biodegradation | Ready biodegradable | 0.5317 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | III | 0.8751 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Warning | 0.5357 |
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -2.3902 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 2.0045 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 1.6008 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 1.4049 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 0.1247 | pIGC50, ug/L |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chromatographic fingerprinting through chemometric techniques for herbal slimming pills: A way of adulterant identification. | Forensic Sci Int | 2018 May | 29602149 |
| Selection and characterization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and its impacton growth, nutrient digestibility, health and antioxidant status in weanedpiglets. | PLoS One | 2018 Mar 8 | 29518093 |
| Solvent effect on endosulfan adsorption onto polymeric arginine-methacrylatecryogels. | Environ Sci Pollut Res Int | 2018 Jun 27 | 29951763 |
| A simple solvent based microextraction for high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of aflatoxins in rice samples. | Talanta | 2018 Jan 1 | 28917738 |
| A simple, rapid and novel method based on salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction for ochratoxin A determination in beer samples prior to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2018 Aug | 29877757 |
| Biotechnological production of aromatic compounds of the extended shikimatepathway from renewable biomass. | J Biotechnol | 2017 Sep 10 | 27871872 |
| Immunosensor array platforms based on self-assembled dithiols for the electrochemical detection of tetrodotoxins in puffer fish. | Anal Chim Acta | 2017 Oct 9 | 28915947 |
| Development of fast, efficient and ecological method employing vortex-assisteddispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with fast gaschromatography-mass spectrometry for pesticide residues analysis inalcohol-content samples. | J Chromatogr A | 2017 Jul 14 | 28545729 |
| Secondary compound hypothesis revisited: Selected plant secondary metabolites promote bacterial degradation of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cDCE). | Sci Rep | 2017 Aug 16 | 28814712 |
| Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of an Alachlor and Endosulfan DegradingMicrococcus sp. strain 2385 Isolated from Ochlockonee River, Florida. | J Genomics | 2016 Sep 8 | 27672405 |
| Interactions of Nanosized Aggregates of Fullerene C60 with Electrolytes inMethanol: Coagulation and Overcharging of Particles. | Langmuir | 2016 Oct 4 | 27610710 |
| Chitosan grafted monomethyl fumaric acid as a potential food preservative. | Carbohydr Polym | 2016 Nov 5 | 27516253 |
| Acetonitrile extraction and dual-layer solid phase extraction clean-up forpesticide residue analysis in propolis. | J Chromatogr A | 2016 May 6 | 27059398 |
| Bacterial assisted degradation of chlorpyrifos: The key role of environmentalconditions, trace metals and organic solvents. | J Environ Manage | 2016 Mar 1 | 26692411 |
| Measurement of oxygen transfer from air into organic solvents. | J Chem Technol Biotechnol | 2016 Mar | 27773958 |
| Synthesis of Hydrophilic CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots with Different Polymeric Shells and Study of Their Cytotoxicity and Hemocompatibility. | ACS Appl Mater Interfaces | 2016 Mar | 26963807 |
| Factors associated with self-reported health: implications for screening levelcommunity-based health and environmental studies. | BMC Public Health | 2016 Jul 26 | 27460934 |
| A Facile Solid-Phase Route to Renewable Aromatic Chemicals from BiobasedFuranics. | Angew Chem Int Ed Engl | 2016 Jan 22 | 26684008 |
| Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and probiotic properties of wild-strainPichia kudriavzevii isolated from frozen idli batter. | Yeast | 2016 Aug | 27370793 |
| Synthesis, liquid chromatographic fractionation and partial characterization of polybrominated dibenzofuran congeners. | J Chromatogr A | 2016 Apr 15 | 26993783 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of subunits.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q12879
- Molecular Weight:
- 165281.215 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2D
- Uniprot ID:
- O15399
- Molecular Weight:
- 143750.685 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Serine hydrolase activity
- Specific Function:
- Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
- Gene Name:
- ACHE
- Uniprot ID:
- P22303
- Molecular Weight:
- 67795.525 Da
References
- Cardozo MG, Iimura Y, Sugimoto H, Yamanishi Y, Hopfinger AJ: QSAR analyses of the substituted indanone and benzylpiperidine rings of a series of indanone-benzylpiperidine inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. J Med Chem. 1992 Feb 7;35(3):584-9. [1738151 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P47869
- Molecular Weight:
- 51325.85 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA3
- Uniprot ID:
- P34903
- Molecular Weight:
- 55164.055 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA4
- Uniprot ID:
- P48169
- Molecular Weight:
- 61622.645 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA5
- Uniprot ID:
- P31644
- Molecular Weight:
- 52145.645 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA6
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16445
- Molecular Weight:
- 51023.69 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GABRB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P18505
- Molecular Weight:
- 54234.085 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRB2
- Uniprot ID:
- P47870
- Molecular Weight:
- 59149.895 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Gaba-gated chloride ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRB3
- Uniprot ID:
- P28472
- Molecular Weight:
- 54115.04 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRD
- Uniprot ID:
- O14764
- Molecular Weight:
- 50707.835 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRE
- Uniprot ID:
- P78334
- Molecular Weight:
- 57971.175 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRG3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99928
- Molecular Weight:
- 54288.16 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. In the uterus, the function of the receptor appears to be related to tissue contractility. The binding of this pI subunit with other GABA(A) receptor subunits alters the sensitivity of recombinant receptors to modulatory agents such as pregnanolone.
- Gene Name:
- GABRP
- Uniprot ID:
- O00591
- Molecular Weight:
- 50639.735 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-1 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission.
- Gene Name:
- GABRR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P24046
- Molecular Weight:
- 55882.91 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-2 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission.
- Gene Name:
- GABRR2
- Uniprot ID:
- P28476
- Molecular Weight:
- 54150.41 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRR3
- Uniprot ID:
- A8MPY1
- Molecular Weight:
- 54271.1 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Transmembrane signaling receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRQ
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UN88
- Molecular Weight:
- 72020.875 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated cation channel activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptors (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIN1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q05586
- Molecular Weight:
- 105371.945 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. In concert with DAPK1 at extrasynaptic sites, acts as a central mediator for stroke damage. Its phosphorylation at Ser-1303 by DAPK1 enhances synaptic NMDA receptor channel activity inducing injurious Ca2+ influx through them, resulting in an irreversible neuronal death (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13224
- Molecular Weight:
- 166365.885 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2C
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14957
- Molecular Weight:
- 134207.77 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN3B
- Uniprot ID:
- O60391
- Molecular Weight:
- 112990.98 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Drug binding
- Specific Function:
- After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
- Gene Name:
- CHRNA2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q15822
- Molecular Weight:
- 59764.82 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane permeable to sodium ions.
- Gene Name:
- CHRNA4
- Uniprot ID:
- P43681
- Molecular Weight:
- 69956.47 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
- Gene Name:
- CHRNA5
- Uniprot ID:
- P30532
- Molecular Weight:
- 53053.965 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function:
- After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The channel is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin.
- Gene Name:
- CHRNA7
- Uniprot ID:
- P36544
- Molecular Weight:
- 56448.925 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane permeable to sodiun ions.
- Gene Name:
- CHRNB2
- Uniprot ID:
- P17787
- Molecular Weight:
- 57018.575 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
- Gene Name:
- CHRNB4
- Uniprot ID:
- P30926
- Molecular Weight:
- 56378.985 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sa node cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Channel inactivation is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.
- Gene Name:
- SCN5A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14524
- Molecular Weight:
- 226937.475 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene binds to cardiac Na+ channels in the open state and unbinds either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated to a closed state. The use- and frequency-dependent block of Na+ by toluene might be responsible, at least in part, for its arrhythmogenic effect.
References
- Cruz SL, Orta-Salazar G, Gauthereau MY, Millan-Perez Pena L, Salinas-Stefanon EM: Inhibition of cardiac sodium currents by toluene exposure. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(4):653-60. [14534149 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-2 causes an increase in the plasma membrane surface area and in its folding into microvilli. Interacts with TNR may play a crucial role in clustering and regulation of activity of sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN2B
- Uniprot ID:
- O60939
- Molecular Weight:
- 24325.69 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene binds to cardiac Na+ channels in the open state and unbinds either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated to a closed state. The use- and frequency-dependent block of Na+ by toluene might be responsible, at least in part, for its arrhythmogenic effect.
References
- Cruz SL, Orta-Salazar G, Gauthereau MY, Millan-Perez Pena L, Salinas-Stefanon EM: Inhibition of cardiac sodium currents by toluene exposure. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(4):653-60. [14534149 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN3B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY72
- Molecular Weight:
- 24702.08 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene binds to cardiac Na+ channels in the open state and unbinds either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated to a closed state. The use- and frequency-dependent block of Na+ by toluene might be responsible, at least in part, for its arrhythmogenic effect.
References
- Cruz SL, Orta-Salazar G, Gauthereau MY, Millan-Perez Pena L, Salinas-Stefanon EM: Inhibition of cardiac sodium currents by toluene exposure. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(4):653-60. [14534149 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes negative shifts in the voltage dependence of activation of certain alpha sodium channels, but does not affect the voltage dependence of inactivation. Modulates the suceptibility of the sodium channel to inhibition by toxic peptides from spider, scorpion, wasp and sea anemone venom.
- Gene Name:
- SCN4B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IWT1
- Molecular Weight:
- 24968.755 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene binds to cardiac Na+ channels in the open state and unbinds either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated to a closed state. The use- and frequency-dependent block of Na+ by toluene might be responsible, at least in part, for its arrhythmogenic effect.
References
- Cruz SL, Orta-Salazar G, Gauthereau MY, Millan-Perez Pena L, Salinas-Stefanon EM: Inhibition of cardiac sodium currents by toluene exposure. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(4):653-60. [14534149 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRG1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8N1C3
- Molecular Weight:
- 53594.49 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GABRA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P14867
- Molecular Weight:
- 51801.395 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRG2
- Uniprot ID:
- P18507
- Molecular Weight:
- 54161.78 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits GABA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Meulenberg CJ, Vijverberg HP: Selective inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in human IMR-32 cells by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicology. 2003 Aug 28;190(3):243-8. [12927378 ]
- General Function:
- Protein phosphatase 2a binding
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May play a role in the development of dendritic spines. May play a role in PPP2CB-NMDAR mediated signaling mechanism (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIN3A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TCU5
- Molecular Weight:
- 125464.07 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits NMDA receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Jackson MD, Krantz QT, Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Shafer TJ, Boyes WK: Evaluating the NMDA-glutamate receptor as a site of action for toluene, in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jul;98(1):159-66. Epub 2007 Apr 9. [17420219 ]
- General Function:
- Calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Ionotropic receptor with a probable role in the modulation of auditory stimuli. Agonist binding induces a conformation change that leads to the opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane (PubMed:11752216, PubMed:25282151). The channel is permeable to a range of divalent cations including calcium, the influx of which may activate a potassium current which hyperpolarizes the cell membrane (PubMed:11752216, PubMed:25282151). In the ear, this may lead to a reduction in basilar membrane motion, altering the activity of auditory nerve fibers and reducing the range of dynamic hearing. This may protect against acoustic trauma. May also regulate keratinocyte adhesion (PubMed:11021840).
- Gene Name:
- CHRNA9
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UGM1
- Molecular Weight:
- 54806.63 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene inhibits acetylcholine receptors, causing neurotoxic effects.
References
- Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(3):375-83. [12237258 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in purkinje myocyte action potential
- Specific Function:
- Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-1 can modulate multiple alpha subunit isoforms from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.Isoform 2: Cell adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in neuronal migration and pathfinding during brain development. Stimulates neurite outgrowth.
- Gene Name:
- SCN1B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q07699
- Molecular Weight:
- 24706.955 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Toluene binds to cardiac Na+ channels in the open state and unbinds either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated to a closed state. The use- and frequency-dependent block of Na+ by toluene might be responsible, at least in part, for its arrhythmogenic effect.
References
- Cruz SL, Orta-Salazar G, Gauthereau MY, Millan-Perez Pena L, Salinas-Stefanon EM: Inhibition of cardiac sodium currents by toluene exposure. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(4):653-60. [14534149 ]