Adenosylcobalamin
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Adenosylcobalamin(F03807) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2). Inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism are autosomal recessive disorders and have been classified into nine distinct complementation classes. Disorders affecting adenosylcobalamin cause methylmalonic acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and uses adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Cbl must be transported into mitochondria, reduced and adenosylated before it can be utilized by MCM. (A405). |
| FRCD ID | F03807 |
| CAS Number | 13870-90-1 |
| PubChem CID | 6436143 |
| Formula | C72H100CoN18O17P |
| IUPAC Name | (2S,3S,4R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-methanidyloxolane-3,4-diol;cobalt(3+);[(2R,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] 1-[3-[(2R,3R,4Z,7S,9Z,12S,13S,14Z,17S,18S,19R)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2,7,12,17-tetrahydro-1H-corrin-21-id-3-yl]propanoylamino]propan-2-yl phosphate |
| InChI Key | OAJLVMGLJZXSGX-VCABRDNDSA-L |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C62H90N13O14P.C10H12N5O3.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;1-4-6(16)7(17)10(18-4)15-3-14-5-8(11)12-2-13-9(5)15;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13);/q;-1;+3/p-2/t31?,34-,35-,36-,37+,41-,52?,53?,56?,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;4?,6-,7-,10-;/m10./s1 |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)OP(=O)([O-])OC(C)CNC(=O)CCC4(C(C5C6(C(C(C(=N6)C(=C7C(C(C(=N7)C=C8C(C(C(=N8)C(=C4[N-]5)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CC(=O)N)C)O.[CH2-]C1C(C(C(O1)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)O)O.[Co+3] |
| Isomeric SMILES | CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)[C@@H]3C(C([C@H](O3)CO)OP(=O)([O-])OC(C)CNC(=O)CC[C@@]\4([C@H](C5[C@]6([C@@]([C@@H](C(=N6)/C(=C\7/[C@@]([C@@H](C(=N7)/C=C\8/C([C@@H](C(=N8)/C(=C4\[N-]5)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CC(=O)N)C)O.[CH2-]C1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)O)O.[Co+3] |
| Wikipedia | Adenosylcobalamin |
| Synonyms |
Cobamamidum [INN-Latin]
DBC coenzyme
Cobalamine coenzyme
Cobamamide [INN:JAN]
Cobamamida [INN-Spanish]
EINECS 237-627-6
Cobamamide
Dibencozide
Funacomide
LM 176
|
| Classifies |
Pollutant
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
| Class | Tetrapyrroles and derivatives |
| Subclass | Corrinoids |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Cobalamin derivatives |
| Alternative Parents |
|
| Molecular Framework | Not available |
| Substituents | Cobalamin - Metallotetrapyrrole skeleton - 1-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole - Pentose phosphate - 5'-deoxyribonucleoside - Glycosyl compound - N-glycosyl compound - 6-aminopurine - Monosaccharide phosphate - Benzimidazole - Imidazopyrimidine - Purine - Phosphoethanolamine - Aminopyrimidine - Dialkyl phosphate - Monosaccharide - N-substituted imidazole - Organic phosphoric acid derivative - Fatty amide - Phosphoric acid ester - Imidolactam - Pyrimidine - Alkyl phosphate - Fatty acyl - Benzenoid - Pyrroline - Pyrrolidine - Imidazole - Tetrahydrofuran - Heteroaromatic compound - Azole - Ketimine - Secondary carboxylic acid amide - Secondary alcohol - Primary carboxylic acid amide - Carboxamide group - Carboxylic acid derivative - Azacycle - Organic transition metal salt - Carbene-type 1,3-dipolar compound - Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound - Organic 1,3-dipolar compound - Oxacycle - Organic salt - Imine - Alcohol - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organopnictogen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organooxygen compound - Primary alcohol - Carbonyl group - Organic nitrogen compound - Primary amine - Amine - Organic zwitterion - Organic cobalt salt - Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cobalamin derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a corrin ring, a cobalt atom, an a nucleotide moiety. Cobalamin Derivatives are actually derived from vitamin B12. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 1579.608 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 12 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 27 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 17 |
| Complexity | 3730 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 1578.658 |
| Exact Mass | 1578.658 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 109 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 13 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 5 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 3 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 3 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Novel vitamin B<sub>12</sub>-producing Enterococcus spp. and preliminary in vitro evaluation of probiotic potentials. | Appl Microbiol Biotechnol | 2017 Aug | 28634850 |
| Transcriptional and Post Transcriptional Control of Enterococcal Gene Regulation | 2014 | 24649509 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.
- Gene Name:
- CA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P00915
- Molecular Weight:
- 28870.0 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits carbonic anhydrases.
References
- Ekinci D, Beydemir S, Kufrevioglu OI: In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2007 Dec;22(6):745-50. doi: 10.1080/14756360601176048 . [18237030 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrate cyanamide to urea. Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption. Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6.
- Gene Name:
- CA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P00918
- Molecular Weight:
- 29245.895 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits carbonic anhydrases.
References
- Ekinci D, Beydemir S, Kufrevioglu OI: In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2007 Dec;22(6):745-50. doi: 10.1080/14756360601176048 . [18237030 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. May stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4 that acts in pH homeostasis. It is essential for acid overload removal from the retina and retina epithelium, and acid release in the choriocapillaris in the choroid.
- Gene Name:
- CA4
- Uniprot ID:
- P22748
- Molecular Weight:
- 35032.075 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits carbonic anhydrases.
References
- Ekinci D, Beydemir S, Kufrevioglu OI: In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2007 Dec;22(6):745-50. doi: 10.1080/14756360601176048 . [18237030 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Gene Name:
- ALAS2
- Uniprot ID:
- P22557
- Molecular Weight:
- 64632.86 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits heme synthesis by preventing synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate via inhibition of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase.
References
- Wikipedia. Mercury poisoning. Last Updated 8 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning
- General Function:
- Antigen binding
- Specific Function:
- Ig alpha is the major immunoglobulin class in body secretions. It may serve both to defend against local infection and to prevent access of foreign antigens to the general immunologic system.
- Gene Name:
- IGHA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P01876
- Molecular Weight:
- 37654.29 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt interacts with specific IgA antibodies, resulting in immunosensitization.
References
- Bencko V, Wagner V, Wagnerova M, Reichrtova E: Immuno-biochemical findings in groups of individuals occupationally and non-occupationally exposed to emissions containing nickel and cobalt. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1983;27(4):387-94. [6663071 ]
- General Function:
- Antigen binding
- Specific Function:
- Ig alpha is the major immunoglobulin class in body secretions. It may serve both to defend against local infection and to prevent access of foreign antigens to the general immunologic system.
- Gene Name:
- IGHA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P01877
- Molecular Weight:
- 36526.005 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt interacts with specific IgA antibodies, resulting in immunosensitization.
References
- Bencko V, Wagner V, Wagnerova M, Reichrtova E: Immuno-biochemical findings in groups of individuals occupationally and non-occupationally exposed to emissions containing nickel and cobalt. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1983;27(4):387-94. [6663071 ]
- General Function:
- Immunoglobulin receptor binding
- Gene Name:
- IGHE
- Uniprot ID:
- P01854
- Molecular Weight:
- 47018.665 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt interacts with specific IgE antibodies, resulting in immunosensitization.
References
- Shirakawa T, Kusaka Y, Fujimura N, Goto S, Morimoto K: The existence of specific antibodies to cobalt in hard metal asthma. Clin Allergy. 1988 Sep;18(5):451-60. [3233723 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1C gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing the alpha-1C subunit play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. The various isoforms display marked differences in the sensitivity to DHP compounds. Binding of calmodulin or CABP1 at the same regulatory sites results in an opposit effects on the channel function.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1C
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13936
- Molecular Weight:
- 248974.1 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1F gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA).
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1F
- Uniprot ID:
- O60840
- Molecular Weight:
- 220675.9 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting.
- Gene Name:
- CACNB1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q02641
- Molecular Weight:
- 65712.995 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting.
- Gene Name:
- CACNB2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q08289
- Molecular Weight:
- 73579.925 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting.
- Gene Name:
- CACNB3
- Uniprot ID:
- P54284
- Molecular Weight:
- 54531.425 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting.
- Gene Name:
- CACNB4
- Uniprot ID:
- O00305
- Molecular Weight:
- 58168.625 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1B gives rise to N-type calcium currents. N-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP), and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing alpha-1B subunit may play a role in directed migration of immature neurons.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q00975
- Molecular Weight:
- 262493.84 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1A gives rise to P and/or Q-type calcium currents. P/Q-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by the funnel toxin (Ftx) and by the omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP), and omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA).
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1A
- Uniprot ID:
- O00555
- Molecular Weight:
- 282362.39 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1E gives rise to R-type calcium currents. R-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by nickel, and partially by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP), omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA), and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing alpha-1E subunit could be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1E
- Uniprot ID:
- Q15878
- Molecular Weight:
- 261729.05 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CACNG3
- Uniprot ID:
- O60359
- Molecular Weight:
- 35548.14 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
- Gene Name:
- CACNG4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UBN1
- Molecular Weight:
- 36578.39 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Regulates the gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Modulates their gating properties by accelerating their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Displays subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation. Shows specificity for GRIA1, GRIA4 and the long isoform of GRIA2. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CACNG5
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UF02
- Molecular Weight:
- 30902.44 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
- Gene Name:
- CACNG6
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BXT2
- Molecular Weight:
- 28128.745 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Displays subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation. Shows specificity only for GRIA1 and GRIA2. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
- Gene Name:
- CACNG7
- Uniprot ID:
- P62955
- Molecular Weight:
- 31002.29 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
- Gene Name:
- CACNG8
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8WXS5
- Molecular Weight:
- 43312.44 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state. Modulates calcium current when coexpressed with CACNA1G (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- TMEM37
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8WXS4
- Molecular Weight:
- 20931.565 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CACNA2D1
- Uniprot ID:
- P54289
- Molecular Weight:
- 124566.93 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-type calcium channel (CACNA1A), N-type (CACNA1B), L-type (CACNA1C OR CACNA1D) but not T-type (CACNA1G) (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CACNA2D3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IZS8
- Molecular Weight:
- 123010.22 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA2D4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q7Z3S7
- Molecular Weight:
- 127936.93 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Gene Name:
- ALAS1
- Uniprot ID:
- P13196
- Molecular Weight:
- 70580.325 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits heme synthesis by preventing synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate via inhibition of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase.
References
- Wikipedia. Mercury poisoning. Last Updated 8 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is a subunit of the dihydropyridine (DHP) sensitive calcium channel. Plays a role in excitation-contraction coupling. The skeletal muscle DHP-sensitive Ca(2+) channel may function only as a multiple subunit complex.
- Gene Name:
- CACNG1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q06432
- Molecular Weight:
- 25028.105 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in DNA excision repair. Initiates repair by binding to damaged sites with various affinities, depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Required for UV-induced CHEK1 phosphorylation and the recruitment of CEP164 to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPD), sites of DNA damage after UV irradiation.
- Gene Name:
- XPA
- Uniprot ID:
- P23025
- Molecular Weight:
- 31367.71 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins.
References
- Hartwig A, Asmuss M, Ehleben I, Herzer U, Kostelac D, Pelzer A, Schwerdtle T, Burkle A: Interference by toxic metal ions with DNA repair processes and cell cycle control: molecular mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Oct;110 Suppl 5:797-9. [12426134 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks. Mediates the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of APLF and CHFR. Positively regulates the transcription of MTUS1 and negatively regulates the transcription of MTUS2/TIP150. With EEF1A1 and TXK, forms a complex that acts as a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell-specific transcription factor and binds the promoter of IFN-gamma to directly regulate its transcription, and is thus involved importantly in Th1 cytokine production. Required for PARP9 and DTX3L recruitment to DNA damage sites. PARP1-dependent PARP9-DTX3L-mediated ubiquitination promotes the rapid and specific recruitment of 53BP1/TP53BP1, UIMC1/RAP80, and BRCA1 to DNA damage sites.
- Gene Name:
- PARP1
- Uniprot ID:
- P09874
- Molecular Weight:
- 113082.945 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt inhibits DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins.
References
- Hartwig A, Asmuss M, Ehleben I, Herzer U, Kostelac D, Pelzer A, Schwerdtle T, Burkle A: Interference by toxic metal ions with DNA repair processes and cell cycle control: molecular mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Oct;110 Suppl 5:797-9. [12426134 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved sa node cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1D gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA).
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1D
- Uniprot ID:
- Q01668
- Molecular Weight:
- 245138.75 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1S gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing the alpha-1S subunit play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1S
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13698
- Molecular Weight:
- 212348.1 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
- Gene Name:
- CACNG2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y698
- Molecular Weight:
- 35965.44 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-type calcium channel (CACNA1A), N-type (CACNA1B), L-type (CACNA1C OR CACNA1D) and possibly T-type (CACNA1G). Overexpression induces apoptosis.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA2D2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY47
- Molecular Weight:
- 129816.095 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission.
References
- Castelli L, Tanzi F, Taglietti V, Magistretti J: Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ modify the gating kinetics of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat palaeocortical neurons. J Membr Biol. 2003 Oct 1;195(3):121-36. [14724759 ]