Paraquat Dichloride
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Basic Info
Common Name | Paraquat Dichloride(F03899) |
2D Structure | |
Description | Paraquat dichloride is a constituent of numerous proprietary herbicides. A large majority (93%) of fatalities from paraquat poisoning are cases of intentional self-administration, ie, suicides. In third world countries, paraquat is a major suicide agent. For instance, in Samoa from 1979-2001, 70% of suicides were by Paraquat poisoning. In Southern Trinidad from 1996-1997, 76% of suicides were by paraquat. However, independent bodies have studied paraquat in this use. Jenny Pronczuk de Garbino, stated: no lung or other injury in marijuana users has ever been attributed to paraquat contamination. Also a United States Environmental Protection Agency manual states: … toxic effects caused by this mechanism have been either very rare or nonexistent. Most paraquat that contaminates marijuana is pyrolyzed during smoking to dipyridyl, which is a product of combustion of the leaf material itself (including marijuana) and presents little toxic hazard. Paraquat is the trade name for N,N -dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium dichloride, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat, a viologen, is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic to human beings when swallowed. Paraquat is used as a quaternary ammonium herbicide; one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. It is quick-acting, non-selective, and kills green plant tissue on contact. It is redistributed within the plant but does not harm mature bark. Being a herbicide, paraquat protects crops by controlling a wide range of annual and certain perennial weeds that reduce crop yield and quality by competing with the crop for water, nutrients, and light. Pure paraquat ingested is highly toxic to mammals and humans potentially leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and there are no specific antidotes. However, fuller's earth or activated charcoal is an effective treatment, if taken in time. Death may occur up to 30 days after ingestion. Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less so, thus the greatest risk of accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading Paraquat for use. |
FRCD ID | F03899 |
CAS Number | 1910-42-5 |
PubChem CID | 15938 |
Formula | C12H14Cl2N2 |
IUPAC Name | 1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)pyridin-1-ium;dichloride |
InChI Key | FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
InChI | InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 |
Canonical SMILES | C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-] |
Isomeric SMILES | C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-] |
Wikipedia | Paraquat Dichloride |
Synonyms | Gramixel Paraquat dichloride Methyl viologen 1910-42-5 Pathclear Pillarxone Crisquat Dexuron Gramoxone Gramuron |
Classifies | Pesticide |
Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom | Organic compounds |
Superclass | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
Class | Pyridines and derivatives |
Subclass | Bipyridines and oligopyridines |
Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
Direct Parent | Bipyridines and oligopyridines |
Alternative Parents | |
Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
Substituents | Bipyridine - 4,4p-bipyridinium - N-methylpyridinium - Pyridinium - Heteroaromatic compound - Azacycle - Organic nitrogen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic chloride salt - Organic salt - Organonitrogen compound - Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound |
Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bipyridines and oligopyridines. These are organic compounds containing two pyridine rings linked to each other. |
Properties
Property Name | Property Value |
---|---|
Molecular Weight | 257.158 |
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
Rotatable Bond Count | 1 |
Complexity | 145 |
Monoisotopic Mass | 256.053 |
Exact Mass | 256.053 |
Formal Charge | 0 |
Heavy Atom Count | 16 |
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 3 |
MRLs
Food | Product Code | Country | MRLs | Application Date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potato | India | 0. 2mg/kg | |||
Cotton Seed | India | 0. 2mg/kg | |||
Cottonseed Oil | India | 0.05mg/kg | |||
Fruit | India | 0.05mg/kg |
References
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Changes in the mitochondrial protein profile due to ROS eruption during ageing ofelm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds. | Plant Physiol Biochem | 2017 May | 28279897 |
PGR5 and NDH pathways in photosynthetic cyclic electron transfer responddifferently to sublethal treatment with photosystem-interfering herbicides. | J Agric Food Chem | 2014 May 7 | 24735060 |
Overexpression of Nelumbo nucifera metallothioneins 2a and 3 enhances seedgermination vigor in Arabidopsis. | Planta | 2012 Mar | 21971996 |
Subminimal inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectant benzalkonium chlorideselect for a tolerant subpopulation of Escherichia coli with inheritablecharacteristics. | Int J Mol Sci | 2012 | 22605968 |
Gene expression profiles deciphering rice phenotypic variation between Nipponbare(Japonica) and 93-11 (Indica) during oxidative stress. | PLoS One | 2010 Jan 8 | 20072620 |
Functional analysis reveals pleiotropic effects of rice RING-H2 finger proteingene OsBIRF1 on regulation of growth and defense responses against abiotic andbiotic stresses. | Plant Mol Biol | 2008 Sep | 18496756 |
Cross-resistance to antibiotics of Escherichia coli adapted to benzalkoniumchloride or exposed to stress-inducers. | J Appl Microbiol | 2004 | 14678175 |
Oxidative stress-induced cellular damage caused by UV and methyl viologen inEuglena gracilis and its suppression with rutin. | J Photochem Photobiol B | 2002 Jun | 12031812 |
Enzymatic microtiter plate-based nitrate detection in environmental and medicalanalysis. | Anal Biochem | 2000 Jun 15 | 10860492 |
The effect of aflatoxins on the electron transport chain of chloroplasts from Zea mays L. and Pisum sativum L. | Food Addit Contam | 1995 May-Jun | 7664942 |
Pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase from Euglena gracilis: the kinetic properties ofthe enzyme. | Arch Biochem Biophys | 1989 Nov 1 | 2508561 |
Synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductase during the cell cycle of Chlorellasorokiniana. | Plant Physiol | 1989 | 11537447 |