Acetochlor
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Acetochlor(F03901) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Acetochlor is an herbicide developed by Monsanto and Zeneca. It is a member of the class of herbicides known as chloroacetanilides (L920). |
| FRCD ID | F03901 |
| CAS Number | 34256-82-1 |
| PubChem CID | 1988 |
| Formula | C14H20ClNO2 |
| IUPAC Name | 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide |
| InChI Key | VTNQPKFIQCLBDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C14H20ClNO2/c1-4-12-8-6-7-11(3)14(12)16(10-18-5-2)13(17)9-15/h6-8H,4-5,9-10H2,1-3H3 |
| Canonical SMILES | CCC1=CC=CC(=C1N(COCC)C(=O)CCl)C |
| Isomeric SMILES | CCC1=CC=CC(=C1N(COCC)C(=O)CCl)C |
| Synonyms |
2-Chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide
Acetamide, 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-
acetochlor
34256-82-1
Acetochlore
Azetochlor
Harness
Nevirex
Acenit
Erunit
|
| Classifies |
Pesticide
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Anilides |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Anilides |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Anilide - Toluene - Tertiary carboxylic acid amide - Chloroacetamide - Carboxamide group - Carboxylic acid derivative - Alkyl chloride - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organopnictogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Organochloride - Organohalogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Carbonyl group - Alkyl halide - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anilides. These are organic heterocyclic compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l not 0) by replacing an OH group by the NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 269.769 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 6 |
| Complexity | 260 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 269.118 |
| Exact Mass | 269.118 |
| XLogP | 3.2 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 18 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
ADMET
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9940 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 1.0000 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.6388 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6449 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7458 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.7564 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.7169 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.7098 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8423 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6897 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Substrate | 0.6564 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.5591 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8254 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7805 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.6155 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.5601 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.5918 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9198 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.6027 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.6965 |
| Carcinogens | Carcinogens | 0.6512 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.8270 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9918 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | Low HBT | 0.8610 |
| Biodegradation | Not ready biodegradable | 0.9510 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | III | 0.8233 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.5888 |
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -3.3478 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 1.7072 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 2.5166 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 0.8248 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 0.5517 | pIGC50, ug/L |
MRLs
| Food | Product Code | Country | MRLs | Application Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRUITS, FRESH or FROZEN; TREE NUTS | 0100000 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Citrus fruits | 0110000 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Table olives (Chinese black olives, Chinese white olives, Desert dates,) | 0161030 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Grapefruits (Natsudaidais, Shaddocks/pomelos, Sweeties/oroblancos, Tangelolos, Tangelos (except minneolas)/Ugli®, Other hybrids of Citrus paradisi, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110010 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Oranges (Bergamots, Bitter oranges/sour oranges, Blood oranges, Cara caras, Chinottos, Trifoliate oranges, Other hybrids of Citrus sinensis, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110020 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Lemons (Buddha's hands/Buddha's fingers, Citrons,) | 0110030 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Limes (Indian sweet limes/Palestine sweet limes, Kaffir limes, Sweet limes/mosambis, Tahiti limes, Limequats,) | 0110040 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Mandarins (Calamondins, Clementines, Cleopatra mandarins, Minneolas, Satsumas/clausellinas, Tangerines/dancy mandarins, Tangors, Other hybrids of Citrus reticulata, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110050 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Others (2) | 0110990 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Tree nuts | 0120000 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Almonds (Apricot kernels, Bitter almonds, Canarium nuts/galip nuts, Pili nuts, Okari nuts,) | 0120010 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Brazil nuts | 0120020 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Cashew nuts | 0120030 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Chestnuts | 0120040 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Coconuts (Areca nuts/betel nuts,) | 0120050 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Hazelnuts/cobnuts (Acorns, Filberts,) | 0120060 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Macadamias | 0120070 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Pecans (Hickory nuts,) | 0120080 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Pistachios | 0120100 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 | |
| Walnuts | 0120110 | European Union | 0.01* | 07/12/2015 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Determination of a broad spectrum of endocrine-disrupting pesticides in fishsamples by UHPLC-MS/MS using the pass-through cleanup approach. | J Sep Sci | 2017 Mar | 28098419 |
| Ultrasound-assisted extraction and solid-phase extraction for the simultaneousdetermination of five amide herbicides in fish samples by gas chromatography withelectron capture detection. | J Sep Sci | 2017 Mar | 28045224 |
| A urinary metabonomics analysis of long-term effect of acetochlor exposure on rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. | Pestic Biochem Physiol | 2016 Mar | 26969444 |
| Characterization of a Novel Butachlor Biodegradation Pathway and Cloning of theDebutoxylase (Dbo) Gene Responsible for Debutoxylation of Butachlor in Bacillussp. hys-1. | J Agric Food Chem | 2015 Sep 30 | 26368393 |
| Involvement of the cytochrome P450 system EthBAD in the N-deethoxymethylation of acetochlor by Rhodococcus sp. strain T3-1. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 2015 Mar | 25595756 |
| Assessment of two extraction methods to determine pesticides in soils, sediments and sludges. Application to the Túria River Basin. | J Chromatogr A | 2015 Jan 23 | 25573188 |
| Degradation of acetochlor by a bacterial consortium of Rhodococcus sp.T3-1,Delftia sp.T3-6 and Sphingobium sp.MEA3-1. | Lett Appl Microbiol | 2014 Jul | 24605783 |
| Environmental determinants of the urinary concentrations of herbicides duringpregnancy: the PELAGIE mother-child cohort (France). | Environ Int | 2014 Feb | 24246238 |
| Use of rice straw biochar simultaneously as the sustained release carrier ofherbicides and soil amendment for their reduced leaching. | J Agric Food Chem | 2012 Jul 4 | 22686323 |
| Biodegradation of butachlor by Rhodococcus sp. strain B1 and purification of its hydrolase (ChlH) responsible for N-dealkylation of chloroacetamide herbicides. | J Agric Food Chem | 2012 Dec 19 | 23186529 |
| Biodegradation of chloroacetamide herbicides by Paracoccus sp. FLY-8 in vitro. | J Agric Food Chem | 2011 May 11 | 21417467 |
| Assessing the risk of pesticide environmental impact in several Argentiniancropping systems with a fuzzy expert indicator. | Pest Manag Sci | 2010 Jul | 20232283 |
| Assessment of heavy metal and pesticide levels in soil and plant products fromagricultural area of Belgrade, Serbia. | Arch Environ Contam Toxicol | 2010 Feb | 19603130 |
| Simultaneous screening of herbicide degradation byproducts in water treatmentplants using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | J Agric Food Chem | 2010 Apr 28 | 20297815 |
| Preparation of acetochlor antibody and its application on immunoaffinitychromatography cleanup for residue determination in peanuts. | J Agric Food Chem | 2009 Sep 9 | 19681614 |
| A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. | Oecologia | 2009 Mar | 19002502 |
| Controlled release of herbicide acetochlor from clay/carboxylmethylcellulose gel formulations. | J Agric Food Chem | 2008 Feb 27 | 18232635 |
| Herbicide-induced anthocyanin accumulation in transgenic rice by expression ofrice OSB2 under the control of rice CYP72A21 promoter. | J Agric Food Chem | 2008 Feb 27 | 18217708 |
| Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China. | J Environ Sci (China) | 2007 | 17969646 |
| [Study on usage of pesticides in various countries]. | Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku | 2007 | 18220053 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID:
- P20813
- Molecular Weight:
- 56277.81 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- CYP2B6 metabolizes the substrate acetochlor .
References
- Coleman S, Linderman R, Hodgson E, Rose RL: Comparative metabolism of chloroacetamide herbicides and selected metabolites in human and rat liver microsomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Dec;108(12):1151-7. [11133395 ]
- General Function:
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function:
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name:
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P08183
- Molecular Weight:
- 141477.255 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Metolachlor inhibits MRD1 .
References
- Oosterhuis B, Vukman K, Vagi E, Glavinas H, Jablonkai I, Krajcsi P: Specific interactions of chloroacetanilide herbicides with human ABC transporter proteins. Toxicology. 2008 Jun 3;248(1):45-51. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.003. Epub 2008 Mar 14. [18433974 ]
- General Function:
- Platelet-derived growth factor binding
- Specific Function:
- Collagen type III occurs in most soft connective tissues along with type I collagen. Involved in regulation of cortical development. Is the major ligand of GPR56 in the developing brain and binding to GPR56 inhibits neuronal migration and activates the RhoA pathway by coupling GPR56 to GNA13 and possibly GNA12.
- Gene Name:
- COL3A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P02461
- Molecular Weight:
- 138564.005 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide (PubMed:11159812). Catalyzes 4-beta-hydroxylation of cholesterol. May catalyze 25-hydroxylation of cholesterol in vitro (PubMed:21576599).
- Gene Name:
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID:
- P08684
- Molecular Weight:
- 57342.67 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- CYP3A4 metabolizes the substrate acetochlor .
References
- Coleman S, Linderman R, Hodgson E, Rose RL: Comparative metabolism of chloroacetamide herbicides and selected metabolites in human and rat liver microsomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Dec;108(12):1151-7. [11133395 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner (PubMed:20074560). Isoform beta-cx lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ere binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. DNA-binding by ESR1 and ESR2 is rapidly lost at 37 degrees Celsius in the absence of ligand while in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen loss in DNA-binding at elevated temperature is more gradual.
- Gene Name:
- ESR2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q92731
- Molecular Weight:
- 59215.765 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor.
References
- Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [16531984 ]
- General Function:
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase.
- Gene Name:
- HMGCS2
- Uniprot ID:
- P54868
- Molecular Weight:
- 56634.915 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver.
- Gene Name:
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y6L6
- Molecular Weight:
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Sulfotransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfonation of steroids and bile acids in the liver and adrenal glands.
- Gene Name:
- SULT2A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q06520
- Molecular Weight:
- 33779.57 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P05177
- Molecular Weight:
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Transcription factor that mediates the action of vitamin D3 by controlling the expression of hormone sensitive genes. Recruited to promoters via its interaction with BAZ1B/WSTF which mediates the interaction with acetylated histones, an essential step for VDR-promoter association. Plays a central role in calcium homeostasis.
- Gene Name:
- VDR
- Uniprot ID:
- P11473
- Molecular Weight:
- 48288.64 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes.
- Gene Name:
- NR1I2
- Uniprot ID:
- O75469
- Molecular Weight:
- 49761.245 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID:
- P33261
- Molecular Weight:
- 55930.545 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Cholesterol binding
- Specific Function:
- Can bind protoporphyrin IX and may play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme (By similarity). Promotes the transport of cholesterol across mitochondrial membranes and may play a role in lipid metabolism (PubMed:24814875), but its precise physiological role is controversial. It is apparently not required for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Was initially identified as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor; can also bind isoquinoline carboxamides (PubMed:1847678).
- Gene Name:
- TSPO
- Uniprot ID:
- P30536
- Molecular Weight:
- 18827.81 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function:
- Transcription activator that binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements in the promoter regions of target genes. Important for the coordinated up-regulation of genes in response to oxidative stress. May be involved in the transcriptional activation of genes of the beta-globin cluster by mediating enhancer activity of hypersensitive site 2 of the beta-globin locus control region.
- Gene Name:
- NFE2L2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16236
- Molecular Weight:
- 67825.9 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P04798
- Molecular Weight:
- 58164.815 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Cleaves collagens of types I, II, and III at one site in the helical domain. Also cleaves collagens of types VII and X. In case of HIV infection, interacts and cleaves the secreted viral Tat protein, leading to a decrease in neuronal Tat's mediated neurotoxicity.
- Gene Name:
- MMP1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03956
- Molecular Weight:
- 54006.61 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. Required for normal male and female fertility. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. Plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.
- Gene Name:
- CSF1
- Uniprot ID:
- P09603
- Molecular Weight:
- 60178.885 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Primary amine oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Important in cell-cell recognition. Appears to function in leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Interacts with integrin alpha-4/beta-1 (ITGA4/ITGB1) on leukocytes, and mediates both adhesion and signal transduction. The VCAM1/ITGA4/ITGB1 interaction may play a pathophysiologic role both in immune responses and in leukocyte emigration to sites of inflammation.
- Gene Name:
- VCAM1
- Uniprot ID:
- P19320
- Molecular Weight:
- 81275.43 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Glutathione transferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
- Gene Name:
- GSTA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P09210
- Molecular Weight:
- 25663.675 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03372
- Molecular Weight:
- 66215.45 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor.
References
- Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [16531984 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- May play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments. Degrades fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide.
- Gene Name:
- MMP9
- Uniprot ID:
- P14780
- Molecular Weight:
- 78457.51 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL/BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PPARG
- Uniprot ID:
- P37231
- Molecular Weight:
- 57619.58 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Type iii transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
- Specific Function:
- Multifunctional protein that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. Many cells synthesize TGFB1 and have specific receptors for it. It positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. It plays an important role in bone remodeling as it is a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development. At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells.
- Gene Name:
- TGFB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P01137
- Molecular Weight:
- 44340.685 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]