Linamarin
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Linamarin(F03919) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Linamarin is found in coffee and coffee products. Linamarin occurs in manioc (Manihot utilissimus), flax (Linum usitatissimum), Phaseolus lunatus (butter bean), Trifolium repens (white clover) and other plants. First isloated in 1830. |
| FRCD ID | F03919 |
| CAS Number | 554-35-8 |
| PubChem CID | 11128 |
| Formula | C10H17NO6 |
| IUPAC Name | 2-methyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanenitrile |
| InChI Key | QLTCHMYAEJEXBT-ZEBDFXRSSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C10H17NO6/c1-10(2,4-11)17-9-8(15)7(14)6(13)5(3-12)16-9/h5-9,12-15H,3H2,1-2H3/t5-,6-,7+,8-,9+/m1/s1 |
| Canonical SMILES | CC(C)(C#N)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O |
| Isomeric SMILES | CC(C)(C#N)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O |
| Wikipedia | Linamarin |
| Synonyms |
Phaseolunatin
2-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanenitrile
LINAMARIN
554-35-8
UNII-H3V9RP3WLO
HSDB 3507
alpha-Hydroxyisobutyronitrile-beta-D-glucose
H3V9RP3WLO
1-cyano-1-methylethyl beta-D-glucoside
BRN 0019237
|
| Classifies |
Plant Toxin
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Organic oxygen compounds |
| Class | Organooxygen compounds |
| Subclass | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Glycosyl compounds |
| Direct Parent | Cyanogenic glycosides |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Cyanogenic glycoside - Hexose monosaccharide - O-glycosyl compound - Monosaccharide - Oxane - Secondary alcohol - Polyol - Organoheterocyclic compound - Oxacycle - Nitrile - Carbonitrile - Acetal - Primary alcohol - Organonitrogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organopnictogen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Alcohol - Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyanogenic glycosides. These are glycosides in which the aglycone moiety contains a cyanide group. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 247.247 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 4 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 7 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 3 |
| Complexity | 311 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 247.106 |
| Exact Mass | 247.106 |
| XLogP | -1.8 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 17 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 5 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Konzo: a distinct neurological disease associated with food (cassava) cyanogenic poisoning. | Brain Res Bull | 2018 Jul 5 | 29981837 |
| From malt to wheat beer: A comprehensive multi-toxin screening, transfer assessment and its influence on basic fermentation parameters. | Food Chem | 2018 Jul 15 | 29548430 |
| Contribution of hippocampal area CA1 to acetone cyanohydrin-induced loss of motor coordination in rats. | Neurologia | 2017 May | 26774413 |
| In vitro assessment of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of boiled juice (tucupi) from Manihot esculenta Crantz roots. | Genet Mol Res | 2016 Oct 5 | 27808379 |
| Synthesis and Characterization of Hapten-Protein Conjugates for Antibody Production against Cyanogenic Glycosides. | J Food Prot | 2015 Jul | 26197297 |
| Quantitation of multiple mycotoxins and cyanogenic glucosides in cassava samples from Tanzania and Rwanda by an LC-MS/MS-based multi-toxin method. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2015 | 25350522 |
| Variation in cyanogenic glycosides across populations of wild lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) has no apparent effect on bruchid beetle performance. | J Chem Ecol | 2014 May | 24863488 |
| Memory deficits associated with sublethal cyanide poisoning relative to cyanate toxicity in rodents. | Metab Brain Dis | 2014 Mar | 24293006 |
| Transcriptional regulation of de novo biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides throughout the life-cycle of the burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera). | Insect Biochem Mol Biol | 2014 Jun | 24727026 |
| Chemical defense balanced by sequestration and de novo biosynthesis in a lepidopteran specialist. | PLoS One | 2014 | 25299618 |
| Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil toxicity effect and Linamarin compound analysis. | Lipids Health Dis | 2012 Jun 13 | 22694753 |
| Cyanogenic glucosides in the biological warfare between plants and insects: the Burnet moth-Birdsfoot trefoil model system. | Phytochemistry | 2011 Sep | 21429539 |
| Strategies for elimination of cyanogens from cassava for reducing toxicity and improving food safety. | Food Chem Toxicol | 2011 Mar | 21074593 |
| Moisture-pressure combination treatments for cyanide reduction in grated cassava. | J Food Sci | 2011 Jan-Feb | 21535726 |
| Overexpression of hydroxynitrile lyase in cassava roots elevates protein and free amino acids while reducing residual cyanogen levels. | PLoS One | 2011 | 21799761 |
| The retail market for fresh cassava root tubers in the European Union (EU): the case of Copenhagen, Denmark--a chemical food safety issue? | J Sci Food Agric | 2010 Jan 30 | 20355039 |
| Engineering cyanogen synthesis and turnover in cassava (Manihot esculenta). | Plant Mol Biol | 2004 Nov | 15630626 |
| Cassava cyanogens and fish mercury are high but safely consumed in the diet of native Amazonians. | Ecotoxicol Environ Saf | 2004 Mar | 15041248 |
| Over-expression of hydroxynitrile lyase in transgenic cassava roots accelerates cyanogenesis and food detoxification. | Plant Biotechnol J | 2004 Jan | 17166141 |
| Fish are central in the diet of Amazonian riparians: should we worry about their mercury concentrations? | Environ Res | 2003 Jul | 12804520 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Pyrophosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- This isozyme may play a role in skeletal mineralization.
- Gene Name:
- ALPL
- Uniprot ID:
- P05186
- Molecular Weight:
- 57304.435 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits alkaline phosphatases.
References
- Gerbitz KD: Human alkaline phosphatases. II. Metalloenzyme properties of the enzyme from human liver. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1977 Nov;358(11):1491-7. [924371 ]
- General Function:
- Receptor binding
- Specific Function:
- Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Promotes growth of cells including T-cells, B-cells, myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, mastocytoma cells and normal and transformed fibroblast cells.
- Gene Name:
- CAT
- Uniprot ID:
- P04040
- Molecular Weight:
- 59755.82 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits catalase.
References
- Kang YS, Lee DH, Yoon BJ, Oh DC: Purification and characterization of a catalase from photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum S1 grown under anaerobic conditions. J Microbiol. 2006 Apr;44(2):185-91. [16728955 ]
- General Function:
- Sh3 domain binding
- Specific Function:
- Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown.
- Gene Name:
- GPX1
- Uniprot ID:
- P07203
- Molecular Weight:
- 22087.94 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Glutathione peroxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not phosphatidycholine hydroperoxide, can act as acceptors.
- Gene Name:
- GPX2
- Uniprot ID:
- P18283
- Molecular Weight:
- 21953.835 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Transcription factor binding
- Specific Function:
- Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione.
- Gene Name:
- GPX3
- Uniprot ID:
- P22352
- Molecular Weight:
- 25552.185 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Glutathione peroxidase activity
- Gene Name:
- GPX6
- Uniprot ID:
- P59796
- Molecular Weight:
- 24970.46 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Peroxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks.
- Gene Name:
- GPX7
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96SL4
- Molecular Weight:
- 20995.88 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Xenobiotic transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform may be responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including both pentoses and hexoses.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P11166
- Molecular Weight:
- 54083.325 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Nadp binding
- Specific Function:
- Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
- Gene Name:
- GSR
- Uniprot ID:
- P00390
- Molecular Weight:
- 56256.565 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione reductase.
References
- Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Gene Name:
- ALPPL2
- Uniprot ID:
- P10696
- Molecular Weight:
- 57376.515 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits alkaline phosphatases.
References
- Gerbitz KD: Human alkaline phosphatases. II. Metalloenzyme properties of the enzyme from human liver. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1977 Nov;358(11):1491-7. [924371 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Subunits 1-3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. Subunit 2 transfers the electrons from cytochrome c via its binuclear copper A center to the bimetallic center of the catalytic subunit 1.
- Gene Name:
- MT-CO2
- Uniprot ID:
- P00403
- Molecular Weight:
- 25564.73 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Subunits I, II and III form the functional core of the enzyme complex.
- Gene Name:
- MT-CO3
- Uniprot ID:
- P00414
- Molecular Weight:
- 29950.6 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX4I1
- Uniprot ID:
- P13073
- Molecular Weight:
- 19576.6 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX4I2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96KJ9
- Molecular Weight:
- 20010.02 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This is the heme A-containing chain of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX5A
- Uniprot ID:
- P20674
- Molecular Weight:
- 16761.985 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX5B
- Uniprot ID:
- P10606
- Molecular Weight:
- 13695.57 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX6A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P12074
- Molecular Weight:
- 12154.8 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Connects the two COX monomers into the physiological dimeric form.
- Gene Name:
- COX6B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P14854
- Molecular Weight:
- 10192.345 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Connects the two COX monomers into the physiological dimeric form.
- Gene Name:
- COX6B2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6YFQ2
- Molecular Weight:
- 10528.905 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX6C
- Uniprot ID:
- P09669
- Molecular Weight:
- 8781.36 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX7A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P14406
- Molecular Weight:
- 9395.89 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX7B2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TF08
- Molecular Weight:
- 9077.43 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX8A
- Uniprot ID:
- P10176
- Molecular Weight:
- 7579.0 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX8C
- Uniprot ID:
- Q7Z4L0
- Molecular Weight:
- 8128.575 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Glutathione peroxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids.
- Gene Name:
- GPX5
- Uniprot ID:
- O75715
- Molecular Weight:
- 25202.14 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
- Gene Name:
- SOD3
- Uniprot ID:
- P08294
- Molecular Weight:
- 25850.675 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn].
References
- Lee WG, Hwang JH, Na BK, Cho JH, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kong Y, Song CY, Kim TS: Functional expression of a recombinant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase of filarial nematode, Brugia malayi. J Parasitol. 2005 Feb;91(1):205-8. [15856906 ]
- General Function:
- Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation and cell death. Required for normal sperm development and male fertility. Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Essential for embryonic development. Protects from radiation and oxidative damage.
- Gene Name:
- GPX4
- Uniprot ID:
- P36969
- Molecular Weight:
- 22174.52 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Peroxidase activity
- Gene Name:
- GPX8
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TED1
- Molecular Weight:
- 23880.83 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits glutathione peroxidases.
References
- Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
- General Function:
- Substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A11
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BYW1
- Molecular Weight:
- 53702.055 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A12
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TD20
- Molecular Weight:
- 66965.7 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane (PubMed:9477959, PubMed:26176916). Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose, and probably also dehydroascorbate (PubMed:9477959, PubMed:26176916). Does not mediate fructose transport (PubMed:9477959, PubMed:26176916).
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A3
- Uniprot ID:
- P11169
- Molecular Weight:
- 53923.785 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A4
- Uniprot ID:
- P14672
- Molecular Weight:
- 54786.79 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochalasin B-sensitive carrier. Seems to function primarily as a fructose transporter.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A5
- Uniprot ID:
- P22732
- Molecular Weight:
- 54973.42 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter; binds cytochalasin B with low affinity.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A6
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UGQ3
- Molecular Weight:
- 54538.55 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- High-affinity transporter for glucose and fructose Does not transport galactose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose and xylose.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A7
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6PXP3
- Molecular Weight:
- 55726.915 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter. Binds cytochalasin B in a glucose-inhibitable manner. Seems to be a dual-specific sugar transporter as it is inhibitable by fructose (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A8
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY64
- Molecular Weight:
- 50818.54 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Sugar:proton symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Transport urate and fructose. May have a role in the urate reabsorption by proximal tubules. Also transports glucose at low rate.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A9
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NRM0
- Molecular Weight:
- 58701.205 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). Can act as a tumor suppressor.
- Gene Name:
- SDHA
- Uniprot ID:
- P31040
- Molecular Weight:
- 72690.975 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits succinate dehydrogenases.
References
- Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
- General Function:
- Ubiquinone binding
- Specific Function:
- Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
- Gene Name:
- SDHB
- Uniprot ID:
- P21912
- Molecular Weight:
- 31629.365 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits succinate dehydrogenases.
References
- Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
- General Function:
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
- Gene Name:
- SDHC
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99643
- Molecular Weight:
- 18610.03 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits succinate dehydrogenases.
References
- Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
- Gene Name:
- SOD1
- Uniprot ID:
- P00441
- Molecular Weight:
- 15935.685 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn].
References
- Lee WG, Hwang JH, Na BK, Cho JH, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kong Y, Song CY, Kim TS: Functional expression of a recombinant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase of filarial nematode, Brugia malayi. J Parasitol. 2005 Feb;91(1):205-8. [15856906 ]
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
- Gene Name:
- TYR
- Uniprot ID:
- P14679
- Molecular Weight:
- 60392.69 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits tyrosinase.
References
- Laufer Z, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV: Co-occurrence of the multicopper oxidases tyrosinase and laccase in lichens in sub-order peltigerineae. Ann Bot. 2006 Nov;98(5):1035-42. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [16950829 ]
- General Function:
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Subunits 1-3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. CO I is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper A center of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme A3 and copper B.
- Gene Name:
- MT-CO1
- Uniprot ID:
- P00395
- Molecular Weight:
- 57040.91 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX6A2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q02221
- Molecular Weight:
- 10815.32 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX7A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P24310
- Molecular Weight:
- 9117.44 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. Plays a role in proper central nervous system (CNS) development in vertebrates.
- Gene Name:
- COX7B
- Uniprot ID:
- P24311
- Molecular Weight:
- 9160.485 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX7C
- Uniprot ID:
- P15954
- Molecular Weight:
- 7245.45 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected.
References
- Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning
- General Function:
- Sugar:proton symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A10
- Uniprot ID:
- O95528
- Molecular Weight:
- 56910.77 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Hexose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta cells; may comprise part of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the beta cell. May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney.
- Gene Name:
- SLC2A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P11168
- Molecular Weight:
- 57488.955 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Linamarin binds to GLUT and enter cells. Transported linamarin directly damages both neural PC12 and hepatic Hepa1 cells, causing cell death.
References
- Sreeja VG, Nagahara N, Li Q, Minami M: New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Br J Nutr. 2003 Aug;90(2):467-72. [12908909 ]
- General Function:
- Ubiquinone binding
- Specific Function:
- Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
- Gene Name:
- SDHD
- Uniprot ID:
- O14521
- Molecular Weight:
- 17042.82 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Cyanide inhibits succinate dehydrogenases.
References
- Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]