Ketoconazole
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Ketoconazole(F04776) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Ketoconazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [PubChem]Ketoconazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability. Other mechanisms may involve the inhibition of endogenous respiration, interaction with membrane phospholipids, inhibition of yeast transformation to mycelial forms, inhibition of purine uptake, and impairment of triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis. Ketoconazole can also inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane and sterols such as aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone. |
| FRCD ID | F04776 |
| CAS Number | 65277-42-1 |
| PubChem CID | 3823 |
| Formula | C26H28Cl2N4O4 |
| IUPAC Name | 1-[4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanone |
| InChI Key | XMAYWYJOQHXEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C26H28Cl2N4O4/c1-19(33)31-10-12-32(13-11-31)21-3-5-22(6-4-21)34-15-23-16-35-26(36-23,17-30-9-8-29-18-30)24-7-2-20(27)14-25(24)28/h2-9,14,18,23H,10-13,15-17H2,1H3 |
| Canonical SMILES | CC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)OCC3COC(O3)(CN4C=CN=C4)C5=C(C=C(C=C5)Cl)Cl |
| Isomeric SMILES | CC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)OCC3COC(O3)(CN4C=CN=C4)C5=C(C=C(C=C5)Cl)Cl |
| Wikipedia | Ketoconazole |
| Synonyms |
Nizoral
ketoconazole
Ketoconazol
Fungarest
Fungoral
Ketoderm
Ketoisdin
79156-75-5
KW-1414
R 41400
|
| Classifies |
Predicted: Pesticide
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
| Class | Diazinanes |
| Subclass | Piperazines |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Phenylpiperazines |
| Alternative Parents |
|
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Phenylpiperazine - N-arylpiperazine - Aminophenyl ether - 1,3-dichlorobenzene - Phenol ether - Tertiary aliphatic/aromatic amine - Phenoxy compound - Dialkylarylamine - Aniline or substituted anilines - Alkyl aryl ether - Ketal - Halobenzene - Chlorobenzene - Monocyclic benzene moiety - Aryl chloride - Aryl halide - N-substituted imidazole - Benzenoid - Meta-dioxolane - Heteroaromatic compound - Tertiary carboxylic acid amide - Imidazole - Azole - Acetamide - Carboxamide group - Amino acid or derivatives - Tertiary amine - Acetal - Oxacycle - Azacycle - Carboxylic acid derivative - Ether - Organooxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Amine - Organonitrogen compound - Organochloride - Organopnictogen compound - Organohalogen compound - Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpiperazines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperazine skeleton, which consists of a piperazine bound to a phenyl group. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 531.434 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 6 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 7 |
| Complexity | 735 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 530.149 |
| Exact Mass | 530.149 |
| XLogP | 4.3 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 36 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 2 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
ADMET
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.6704 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 0.9156 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.8866 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Substrate | 0.7293 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.8389 |
| Inhibitor | 0.8388 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.5644 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Lysosome | 0.5657 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7898 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.9115 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Substrate | 0.7409 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.9106 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.8949 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.8931 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.8994 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.7960 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.9386 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9258 |
| Inhibitor | 0.8403 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.7003 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.8836 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.9442 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9826 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | Low HBT | 0.9250 |
| Biodegradation | Not ready biodegradable | 1.0000 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | II | 0.7401 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.5502 |
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -3.8467 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 0.9873 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 3.4739 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 0.9843 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 0.6927 | pIGC50, ug/L |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention of curcumin on oral pharmacokinetics of daclatasvir in rat: Apossible risk for long-term use. | Phytother Res | 2018 May 28 | 29806225 |
| New Benzothiazole-based Thiazolidinones as Potent Antimicrobial Agents. Design, synthesis and Biological Evaluation. | Curr Top Med Chem | 2018 | 29412109 |
| Assessment of effect of CYP3A inhibition, CYP induction, OATP1B inhibition, andhigh-fat meal on pharmacokinetics of the JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib. | Br J Clin Pharmacol | 2017 Oct | 28503781 |
| The chemical composition, nutritional value and antimicrobial properties ofAbelmoschus esculentus seeds. | Food Funct | 2017 Dec 13 | 29165457 |
| Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Predictions of Panobinostat (LBH589) as a Victim and Perpetrator of Drug-Drug Interactions. | Drug Metab Dispos | 2017 Dec | 28912253 |
| Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Brunfelsia uniflora flower oleoresin extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. | Genet Mol Res | 2017 Apr 13 | 28407186 |
| Antimicrobials and Male Reproduction. | Adv Exp Med Biol | 2017 | 29256130 |
| Evaluation of Ketoconazole and Its Alternative Clinical CYP3A4/5 Inhibitors asInhibitors of Drug Transporters: The In Vitro Effects of Ketoconazole, Ritonavir,Clarithromycin, and Itraconazole on 13 Clinically-Relevant Drug Transporters. | Drug Metab Dispos | 2016 Mar | 26668209 |
| Modulation of CYP3A4 activity alters the cytotoxicity of lipophilic phycotoxins in human hepatic HepaRG cells. | Toxicol In Vitro | 2016 Jun | 26956883 |
| Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Petroselinum crispum essential oil. | Genet Mol Res | 2016 Jul 29 | 27525894 |
| In vitro metabolism of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin in HepaRG cells and liver tissue fractions. | Toxicon | 2016 Feb | 26610396 |
| Transferability and inter-laboratory variability assessment of the in vitro bovine oocyte fertilization test. | Reprod Toxicol | 2015 Jan | 25625651 |
| The impact of food components on the intrinsic dissolution rate of ketoconazole. | Drug Dev Ind Pharm | 2015 | 26288994 |
| Itraconazole and clarithromycin as ketoconazole alternatives for clinical CYP3Ainhibition studies. | Clin Pharmacol Ther | 2014 May | 24747234 |
| CYP3A4 activity reduces the cytotoxic effects of okadaic acid in HepaRG cells. | Arch Toxicol | 2014 Aug | 24504163 |
| Inhibition of cytochrome P450s enhances (+)-usnic acid cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. | J Appl Toxicol | 2014 Aug | 23686521 |
| Ketoconazole modulates the infectivity of Ichthyophonus sp. (Mesomycetozoa) in vivo in experimentally injected European sea bass. | Dis Aquat Organ | 2013 Sep 3 | 23999706 |
| T-2 toxin is hydroxylated by chicken CYP3A37. | Food Chem Toxicol | 2013 Dec | 24090734 |
| Uptake of oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and ketoconazole from fertilisedsoils by plants. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2013 | 22994558 |
| A co-culture system of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and lymphoblastoid TK6 cells for investigating the genotoxicity of oral compounds. | Mutagenesis | 2012 Nov | 22844081 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Has steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase activity. In addition to this activity, the 18 or 19-hydroxylation of steroids and the aromatization of androstendione to estrone have also been ascribed to cytochrome P450 XIB.
- Gene Name:
- CYP11B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P15538
- Molecular Weight:
- 57572.44 Da
References
- Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK: BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D198-201. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [17145705 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Specifically catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids. Required for the adrenal synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
- Gene Name:
- CYP21A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P08686
- Molecular Weight:
- 55886.805 Da
References
- Trachtenberg J, Zadra J: Steroid synthesis inhibition by ketoconazole: sites of action. Clin Invest Med. 1988 Feb;11(1):1-5. [2966691 ]
- General Function:
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function:
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name:
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P08183
- Molecular Weight:
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Pajeva IK, Wiese M: Pharmacophore model of drugs involved in P-glycoprotein multidrug resistance: explanation of structural variety (hypothesis). J Med Chem. 2002 Dec 19;45(26):5671-86. [12477351 ]
- General Function:
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) plays an important role in normal bone growth, calcium metabolism, and tissue differentiation.
- Gene Name:
- CYP27B1
- Uniprot ID:
- O15528
- Molecular Weight:
- 56503.475 Da
References
- Zhu J, Barycki R, Chiellini G, Deluca HF: Screening of selective inhibitors of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase using recombinant human enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 2010 Dec 14;49(49):10403-11. doi: 10.1021/bi101488p. Epub 2010 Nov 18. [21058632 ]
- General Function:
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens.
- Gene Name:
- CYP19A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P11511
- Molecular Weight:
- 57882.48 Da
References
- Weber MM, Will A, Adelmann B, Engelhardt D: Effect of ketoconazole on human ovarian C17,20-desmolase and aromatase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991 Feb;38(2):213-8. [2004042 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Preferentially catalyzes the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone via corticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone.
- Gene Name:
- CYP11B2
- Uniprot ID:
- P19099
- Molecular Weight:
- 57559.62 Da
References
- Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK: BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D198-201. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [17145705 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. Transcription activation is down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3.
- Gene Name:
- AR
- Uniprot ID:
- P10275
- Molecular Weight:
- 98987.9 Da
References
- Eil C: Ketoconazole binds to the human androgen receptor. Horm Metab Res. 1992 Aug;24(8):367-70. [1526623 ]
- General Function:
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
- Gene Name:
- ABCB11
- Uniprot ID:
- O95342
- Molecular Weight:
- 146405.83 Da
References
- Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Fluorescent substrates of sister-P-glycoprotein (BSEP) evaluated as markers of active transport and inhibition: evidence for contingent unequal binding sites. Pharm Res. 2003 Apr;20(4):537-44. [12739759 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Binds and transactivates the retinoic acid response elements that control expression of the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genes. Transactivates both the phenobarbital responsive element module of the human CYP2B6 gene and the CYP3A4 xenobiotic response element.
- Gene Name:
- NR1I3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14994
- Molecular Weight:
- 39942.145 Da
References
- Dring AM, Anderson LE, Qamar S, Stoner MA: Rational quantitative structure-activity relationship (RQSAR) screen for PXR and CAR isoform-specific nuclear receptor ligands. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Dec 5;188(3):512-25. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.018. Epub 2010 Oct 20. [20869355 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
- Specific Function:
- Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifying potassium current in heart (IKr). Isoforms USO have no channel activity by themself, but modulates channel characteristics by forming heterotetramers with other isoforms which are retained intracellularly and undergo ubiquitin-dependent degradation.
- Gene Name:
- KCNH2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q12809
- Molecular Weight:
- 126653.52 Da
References
- Chiu PJ, Marcoe KF, Bounds SE, Lin CH, Feng JJ, Lin A, Cheng FC, Crumb WJ, Mitchell R: Validation of a [3H]astemizole binding assay in HEK293 cells expressing HERG K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jul;95(3):311-9. [15272206 ]
- General Function:
- Virus receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presence of sodium.(Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for hepatitis B virus.
- Gene Name:
- SLC10A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14973
- Molecular Weight:
- 38118.64 Da
References
- Kim RB, Leake B, Cvetkovic M, Roden MM, Nadeau J, Walubo A, Wilkinson GR: Modulation by drugs of human hepatic sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide) activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Dec;291(3):1204-9. [10565843 ]
- General Function:
- Transcription regulatory region dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues. Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. Inhibits PER1 by repressing the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer mediated transcriptional activation of PER1.
- Gene Name:
- AHR
- Uniprot ID:
- P35869
- Molecular Weight:
- 96146.705 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes.
- Gene Name:
- NR1I2
- Uniprot ID:
- O75469
- Molecular Weight:
- 49761.245 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor for bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid. Represses the transcription of the cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) through the induction of NR0B2 or FGF19 expression, via two distinct mechanisms. Activates the intestinal bile acid-binding protein (IBABP). Activates the transcription of bile salt export pump ABCB11 by directly recruiting histone methyltransferase CARM1 to this locus.
- Gene Name:
- NR1H4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96RI1
- Molecular Weight:
- 55913.915 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to ROR response elements (RORE) containing a single core motif half-site 5'-AGGTCA-3' preceded by a short A-T-rich sequence. Key regulator of cellular differentiation, immunity, peripheral circadian rhythm as well as lipid, steroid, xenobiotics and glucose metabolism. Considered to have intrinsic transcriptional activity, have some natural ligands like oxysterols that act as agonists (25-hydroxycholesterol) or inverse agonists (7-oxygenated sterols), enhancing or repressing the transcriptional activity, respectively. Recruits distinct combinations of cofactors to target gene regulatory regions to modulate their transcriptional expression, depending on the tissue, time and promoter contexts. Regulates the circadian expression of clock genes such as CRY1, ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1 in peripheral tissues and in a tissue-selective manner. Competes with NR1D1 for binding to their shared DNA response element on some clock genes such as ARNTL/BMAL1, CRY1 and NR1D1 itself, resulting in NR1D1-mediated repression or RORC-mediated activation of the expression, leading to the circadian pattern of clock genes expression. Therefore influences the period length and stability of the clock. Involved in the regulation of the rhythmic expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, including PLIN2 and AVPR1A. Negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation through the regulation of early phase genes expression, such as MMP3. Controls adipogenesis as well as adipocyte size and modulates insulin sensitivity in obesity. In liver, has specific and redundant functions with RORA as positive or negative modulator of expression of genes encoding phase I and Phase II proteins involved in the metabolism of lipids, steroids and xenobiotics, such as SULT1E1. Also plays also a role in the regulation of hepatocyte glucose metabolism through the regulation of G6PC and PCK1. Regulates the rhythmic expression of PROX1 and promotes its nuclear localization (By similarity). Plays an indispensable role in the induction of IFN-gamma dependent anti-mycobacterial systemic immunity (PubMed:26160376).Isoform 2: Essential for thymopoiesis and the development of several secondary lymphoid tissues, including lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Required for the generation of LTi (lymphoid tissue inducer) cells. Regulates thymocyte survival through DNA-binding on ROREs of target gene promoter regions and recruitment of coactivaros via the AF-2. Also plays a key role, downstream of IL6 and TGFB and synergistically with RORA, for lineage specification of uncommitted CD4(+) T-helper (T(H)) cells into T(H)17 cells, antagonizing the T(H)1 program. Probably regulates IL17 and IL17F expression on T(H) by binding to the essential enhancer conserved non-coding sequence 2 (CNS2) in the IL17-IL17F locus. May also play a role in the pre-TCR activation cascade leading to the maturation of alpha/beta T-cells and may participate in the regulation of DNA accessibility in the TCR-J(alpha) locus.
- Gene Name:
- RORC
- Uniprot ID:
- P51449
- Molecular Weight:
- 58194.845 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- NAD-dependent protein deacetylase, which deacetylates internal lysines on histone and alpha-tubulin as well as many other proteins such as key transcription factors. Participates in the modulation of multiple and diverse biological processes such as cell cycle control, genomic integrity, microtubule dynamics, cell differentiation, metabolic networks, and autophagy. Plays a major role in the control of cell cycle progression and genomic stability. Functions in the antephase checkpoint preventing precocious mitotic entry in response to microtubule stress agents, and hence allowing proper inheritance of chromosomes. Positively regulates the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase complex activity by deacetylating CDC20 and FZR1, then allowing progression through mitosis. Associates both with chromatin at transcriptional start sites (TSSs) and enhancers of active genes. Plays a role in cell cycle and chromatin compaction through epigenetic modulation of the regulation of histone H4 'Lys-20' methylation (H4K20me1) during early mitosis. Specifically deacetylates histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac) between the G2/M transition and metaphase enabling H4K20me1 deposition by SETD8 leading to ulterior levels of H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 deposition throughout cell cycle, and mitotic S-phase progression. Deacetylates SETD8 modulating SETD8 chromatin localization during the mitotic stress response. Deacetylates also histone H3 at 'Lys-57' (H3K56ac) during the mitotic G2/M transition. Upon bacterium Listeria monocytogenes infection, deacetylates 'Lys-18' of histone H3 in a receptor tyrosine kinase MET- and PI3K/Akt-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting transcriptional activity and promoting late stages of listeria infection. During oocyte meiosis progression, may deacetylate histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac) and alpha-tubulin, regulating spindle assembly and chromosome alignment by influencing microtubule dynamics and kinetochore function. Deacetylates alpha-tubulin at 'Lys-40' and hence controls neuronal motility, oligodendroglial cell arbor projection processes and proliferation of non-neuronal cells. Phosphorylation at Ser-368 by a G1/S-specific cyclin E-CDK2 complex inactivates SIRT2-mediated alpha-tubulin deacetylation, negatively regulating cell adhesion, cell migration and neurite outgrowth during neuronal differentiation. Deacetylates PARD3 and participates in the regulation of Schwann cell peripheral myelination formation during early postnatal development and during postinjury remyelination. Involved in several cellular metabolic pathways. Plays a role in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis by deacetylating and stabilizing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PCK1 activity in response to low nutrient availability. Acts as a key regulator in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by deacetylating and activating the glucose-6-phosphate G6PD enzyme, and therefore, stimulates the production of cytosolic NADPH to counteract oxidative damage. Maintains energy homeostasis in response to nutrient deprivation as well as energy expenditure by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis. Attenuates adipocyte differentiation by deacetylating and promoting FOXO1 interaction to PPARG and subsequent repression of PPARG-dependent transcriptional activity. Plays a role in the regulation of lysosome-mediated degradation of protein aggregates by autophagy in neuronal cells. Deacetylates FOXO1 in response to oxidative stress or serum deprivation, thereby negatively regulating FOXO1-mediated autophagy. Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and co-regulators regulating target gene expression. Deacetylates transcriptional factor FOXO3 stimulating the ubiquitin ligase SCF(SKP2)-mediated FOXO3 ubiquitination and degradation. Deacetylates HIF1A and therefore promotes HIF1A degradation and inhibition of HIF1A transcriptional activity in tumor cells in response to hypoxia. Deacetylates RELA in the cytoplasm inhibiting NF-kappaB-dependent transcription activation upon TNF-alpha stimulation. Inhibits transcriptional activation by deacetylating p53/TP53 and EP300. Deacetylates also EIF5A. Functions as a negative regulator on oxidative stress-tolerance in response to anoxia-reoxygenation conditions. Plays a role as tumor suppressor.Isoform 1: Deacetylates EP300, alpha-tubulin and histone H3 and H4.Isoform 2: Deacetylates EP300, alpha-tubulin and histone H3 and H4.Isoform 5: Lacks deacetylation activity.
- Gene Name:
- SIRT2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IXJ6
- Molecular Weight:
- 43181.7 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Transcription factor that mediates the action of vitamin D3 by controlling the expression of hormone sensitive genes. Recruited to promoters via its interaction with BAZ1B/WSTF which mediates the interaction with acetylated histones, an essential step for VDR-promoter association. Plays a central role in calcium homeostasis.
- Gene Name:
- VDR
- Uniprot ID:
- P11473
- Molecular Weight:
- 48288.64 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function:
- Transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis. Regulates transcription of the LDL receptor gene as well as the fatty acid and to a lesser degree the cholesterol synthesis pathway (By similarity). Binds to the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) (5'-ATCACCCCAC-3'). Has dual sequence specificity binding to both an E-box motif (5'-ATCACGTGA-3') and to SRE-1 (5'-ATCACCCCAC-3').
- Gene Name:
- SREBF1
- Uniprot ID:
- P36956
- Molecular Weight:
- 121673.6 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid 17-alpha-monooxygenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17-alpha-hydroxylated products and subsequently to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. Catalyzes both the 17-alpha-hydroxylation and the 17,20-lyase reaction. Involved in sexual development during fetal life and at puberty.
- Gene Name:
- CYP17A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P05093
- Molecular Weight:
- 57369.995 Da
References
- Rowlands MG, Barrie SE, Chan F, Houghton J, Jarman M, McCague R, Potter GA: Esters of 3-pyridylacetic acid that combine potent inhibition of 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (cytochrome P45017 alpha) with resistance to esterase hydrolysis. J Med Chem. 1995 Oct 13;38(21):4191-7. [7473546 ]
- General Function:
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function:
- Has a role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent 24-hydroxylation of calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)) and calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)). The enzyme can perform up to 6 rounds of hydroxylation of calcitriol leading to calcitroic acid. It also shows 23-hydroxylating activity leading to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone as end product.
- Gene Name:
- CYP24A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q07973
- Molecular Weight:
- 58874.695 Da
References
- Aboraia AS, Yee SW, Gomaa MS, Shah N, Robotham AC, Makowski B, Prosser D, Brancale A, Jones G, Simons C: Synthesis and CYP24A1 inhibitory activity of N-(2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-phenylethyl)arylamides. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Jul 15;18(14):4939-46. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.011. Epub 2010 Jun 9. [20594862 ]
- General Function:
- Sterol 14-demethylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes C14-demethylation of lanosterol; it transforms lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol.
- Gene Name:
- CYP51A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16850
- Molecular Weight:
- 56805.26 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Ketoconazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability. Other mechanisms may involve the inhibition of endogenous respiration, interaction with membrane phospholipids, inhibition of yeast transformation to mycelial forms, inhibition of purine uptake, and impairment of triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis. Ketoconazole can also inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane and sterols such as aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone.
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
- General Function:
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide (PubMed:11159812). Catalyzes 4-beta-hydroxylation of cholesterol. May catalyze 25-hydroxylation of cholesterol in vitro (PubMed:21576599).
- Gene Name:
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID:
- P08684
- Molecular Weight:
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MA, Negri M, Jagusch C, Muller-Vieira U, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of abiraterone analogues: novel CYP17 inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer. J Med Chem. 2008 Aug 28;51(16):5009-18. doi: 10.1021/jm800355c. Epub 2008 Aug 2. [18672868 ]
- General Function:
- Serotonin:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
- Gene Name:
- SLC6A4
- Uniprot ID:
- P31645
- Molecular Weight:
- 70324.165 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]