Diphenoxylate
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Diphenoxylate(F04780) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. This medication is classified as a Schedule V under the Controlled Substances Act by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the DEA in the United States when used in preparations. When diphenoxylate is used alone, it is classified as a Schedule II. |
| FRCD ID | F04780 |
| CAS Number | 915-30-0 |
| PubChem CID | 13505 |
| Formula | C30H32N2O2 |
| IUPAC Name | ethyl 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate |
| InChI Key | HYPPXZBJBPSRLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C30H32N2O2/c1-2-34-28(33)29(25-12-6-3-7-13-25)18-21-32(22-19-29)23-20-30(24-31,26-14-8-4-9-15-26)27-16-10-5-11-17-27/h3-17H,2,18-23H2,1H3 |
| Canonical SMILES | CCOC(=O)C1(CCN(CC1)CCC(C#N)(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3)C4=CC=CC=C4 |
| Isomeric SMILES | CCOC(=O)C1(CCN(CC1)CCC(C#N)(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3)C4=CC=CC=C4 |
| Wikipedia | Diphenoxylate |
| Synonyms |
DIPHENOXYLATE
Difenoxilato [INN-Spanish]
Difenoxilato
Diphenoxylatum
Difenossilato [DCIT]
915-30-0
Difenossilato
Lomotil
Diphenoxylatum [INN-Latin]
Difenoxilato [Spanish]
|
| Classifies |
Predicted: Pesticide
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Diphenylacetonitriles |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Diphenylacetonitriles |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Diphenylacetonitrile - Diphenylmethane - Phenylpiperidine - Piperidinecarboxylic acid - Aralkylamine - Piperidine - Amino acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid ester - Tertiary amine - Tertiary aliphatic amine - Nitrile - Carbonitrile - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid derivative - Organoheterocyclic compound - Azacycle - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Amine - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Carbonyl group - Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylacetonitriles. These are cyclic aromatic compounds containing a diphenylacetonitrile moiety, which consists of a diphenylmethane linked to and acetonitrile to form 2,2-diphenylacetonitrile. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 452.598 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 4 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 9 |
| Complexity | 666 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 452.246 |
| Exact Mass | 452.246 |
| XLogP | 5.7 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 34 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Travelers' diarrhea: new developments. | Med Lett Drugs Ther | 1976 Oct 8 | 790143 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for endogenous opioids such as beta-endorphin and endomorphin. Receptor for natural and synthetic opioids including morphine, heroin, DAMGO, fentanyl, etorphine, buprenorphin and methadone. Agonist binding to the receptor induces coupling to an inactive GDP-bound heterotrimeric G-protein complex and subsequent exchange of GDP for GTP in the G-protein alpha subunit leading to dissociation of the G-protein complex with the free GTP-bound G-protein alpha and the G-protein beta-gamma dimer activating downstream cellular effectors. The agonist- and cell type-specific activity is predominantly coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) and G(o) G alpha proteins, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3 and GNAO1 isoforms Alpha-1 and Alpha-2, and to a lesser extend to pertussis toxin-insensitive G alpha proteins GNAZ and GNA15. They mediate an array of downstream cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and both N-type and L-type calcium channels, activation of inward rectifying potassium channels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and regulation of NF-kappa-B. Also couples to adenylate cyclase stimulatory G alpha proteins. The selective temporal coupling to G-proteins and subsequent signaling can be regulated by RGSZ proteins, such as RGS9, RGS17 and RGS4. Phosphorylation by members of the GPRK subfamily of Ser/Thr protein kinases and association with beta-arrestins is involved in short-term receptor desensitization. Beta-arrestins associate with the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and uncouple it from the G-protein thus terminating signal transduction. The phosphorylated receptor is internalized through endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits which involves beta-arrestins. The activation of the ERK pathway occurs either in a G-protein-dependent or a beta-arrestin-dependent manner and is regulated by agonist-specific receptor phosphorylation. Acts as a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which dissociates from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergoes rapid recycling. Receptor down-regulation pathways are varying with the agonist and occur dependent or independent of G-protein coupling. Endogenous ligands induce rapid desensitization, endocytosis and recycling whereas morphine induces only low desensitization and endocytosis. Heterooligomerization with other GPCRs can modulate agonist binding, signaling and trafficking properties. Involved in neurogenesis. Isoform 12 couples to GNAS and is proposed to be involved in excitatory effects. Isoform 16 and isoform 17 do not bind agonists but may act through oligomerization with binding-competent OPRM1 isoforms and reduce their ligand binding activity.
- Gene Name:
- OPRM1
- Uniprot ID:
- P35372
- Molecular Weight:
- 44778.855 Da
- Mechanism of Action:
- Diphenoxylate is an opiate receptor agonists that stimulate mu receptors in GI to decrease the peristalsis and constrict the sphincters. Diphenoxylate has a direct effect on circular smooth muscle of the bowel, that conceivably results in segmentation and prolongation of gastrointestinal transit time. The clinical antidiarrheal action of diphenoxylate may thus be a consequence of enhanced segmentation that allows increased contact of the intraluminal contents with the intestinal mucosa.
References
- Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, Gautam B, Hassanali M: DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D901-6. Epub 2007 Nov 29. [18048412 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a potassium-selective channel through which potassium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- KCNA3
- Uniprot ID:
- P22001
- Molecular Weight:
- 63841.09 Da
References
- Nguyen W, Howard BL, Jenkins DP, Wulff H, Thompson PE, Manallack DT: Structure-activity relationship exploration of Kv1.3 blockers based on diphenoxylate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012 Dec 1;22(23):7106-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.080. Epub 2012 Sep 29. [23084278 ]
- General Function:
- Opioid receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor that functions as receptor for endogenous enkephalins and for a subset of other opioids. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain and in opiate-mediated analgesia. Plays a role in developing analgesic tolerance to morphine.
- Gene Name:
- OPRD1
- Uniprot ID:
- P41143
- Molecular Weight:
- 40368.235 Da
References
- Coupar IM: The peristaltic reflex in the rat ileum: evidence for functional mu- and delta-opiate receptors. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;47(8):643-6. [8583364 ]