Cyprodinil
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Cyprodinil(F05051) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Cyprodinil is a fungicide that acts by inhibition of germ tube elongation and hyphal mycelia. Cyprodinil is applied to the foliage of almonds, grapes, stone fruit crops, and pome fruit crops to control plant diseases. |
| FRCD ID | F05051 |
| CAS Number | 121552-61-2 |
| PubChem CID | 86367 |
| Formula | C14H15N3 |
| IUPAC Name | 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine |
| InChI Key | HAORKNGNJCEJBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C14H15N3/c1-10-9-13(11-7-8-11)17-14(15-10)16-12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,9,11H,7-8H2,1H3,(H,15,16,17) |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1=NC(=NC(=C1)C2CC2)NC3=CC=CC=C3 |
| Isomeric SMILES | CC1=NC(=NC(=C1)C2CC2)NC3=CC=CC=C3 |
| Synonyms |
Cyprodinil
121552-61-2
4-Cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine
4-Cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine
Unix
HSDB 7019
UNII-42P6T6OFWZ
2-Pyrimidinamine, 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-
42P6T6OFWZ
CHEBI:4045
|
| Classifies |
Pollutant
Veterinary Drug
Pesticide
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Aniline and substituted anilines |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Aniline and substituted anilines |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Aniline or substituted anilines - Aminopyrimidine - Pyrimidine - Heteroaromatic compound - Azacycle - Organoheterocyclic compound - Secondary amine - Organic nitrogen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organonitrogen compound - Amine - Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aniline and substituted anilines. These are organic compounds containing an aminobenzene moiety. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 225.295 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 3 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 3 |
| Complexity | 246 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 225.127 |
| Exact Mass | 225.127 |
| XLogP | 3.1 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 17 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
ADMET
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9122 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 1.0000 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.7145 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7408 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8969 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.8985 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.7699 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.7613 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7498 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8173 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7209 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.7945 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9325 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8582 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.5844 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7576 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.7046 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9207 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.8723 | |
| AMES Toxicity | AMES toxic | 0.5286 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.9267 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.5471 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9716 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | Low HBT | 0.8643 |
| Biodegradation | Not ready biodegradable | 0.9864 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | III | 0.7720 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.6078 |
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -3.0490 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 1.8780 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 2.1957 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 1.8769 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 0.7599 | pIGC50, ug/L |
MRLs
| Food | Product Code | Country | MRLs | Application Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blueberries (Aronia berries/chokeberries (black, purple and red), Aronia berries/chokeberries (black, purple and red), Aronia berries/chokeberries (black, purple and red), Bearberries, Bilberries/E... | 0154010 | European Union | 3 | 27/04/2017 | |
| Cultivated fungi (Common mushrooms/button mushrooms/champignons mushrooms, Corn smuts/ Mexican truffles, Enokitake/winter mushrooms, Fusarium venenatum, Horse mushrooms, Jew's ears/hirneola, Nameko... | 0280010 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Citrus fruits | 0110000 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Grapefruits (Natsudaidais, Shaddocks/pomelos, Sweeties/oroblancos, Tangelolos, Tangelos (except minneolas)/Ugli®, Other hybrids of Citrus paradisi, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110010 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Oranges (Bergamots, Bitter oranges/sour oranges, Blood oranges, Cara caras, Chinottos, Trifoliate oranges, Other hybrids of Citrus sinensis, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110020 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Lemons (Buddha's hands/Buddha's fingers, Citrons,) | 0110030 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Limes (Indian sweet limes/Palestine sweet limes, Kaffir limes, Sweet limes/mosambis, Tahiti limes, Limequats,) | 0110040 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Mandarins (Calamondins, Clementines, Cleopatra mandarins, Minneolas, Satsumas/clausellinas, Tangerines/dancy mandarins, Tangors, Other hybrids of Citrus reticulata, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110050 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Others (2) | 0110990 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Tree nuts | 0120000 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Almonds (Apricot kernels, Bitter almonds, Canarium nuts/galip nuts, Pili nuts, Okari nuts,) | 0120010 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Brazil nuts | 0120020 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Cashew nuts | 0120030 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Chestnuts | 0120040 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Coconuts (Areca nuts/betel nuts,) | 0120050 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Hazelnuts/cobnuts (Acorns, Filberts,) | 0120060 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Macadamias | 0120070 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Pecans (Hickory nuts,) | 0120080 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Pistachios | 0120100 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 | |
| Walnuts | 0120110 | European Union | 0.02* | 27/04/2017 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| The evil within? Systemic fungicide application in trees enhances litter quality for an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system. | Environ Pollut | 2018 Oct | 29883956 |
| Rapid analysis of fungicides in tea infusions using ionic liquid immobilizedfabric phase sorptive extraction with the assistance of surfactant fungicidesanalysis using IL-FPSE assisted with surfactant. | Food Chem | 2018 Jan 15 | 28873637 |
| Pesticide Residues in Table Grapes and Exposure Assessment. | J Agric Food Chem | 2018 Feb 21 | 29364655 |
| Simultaneous determination of 124 pesticide residues in Chinese liquor andliquor-making raw materials (sorghum and rice hull) by rapid Multi-plugFiltration Cleanup and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | Food Chem | 2018 Feb 15 | 28958527 |
| A novel method for the determination of some pesticides in vegetable oils basedon dissociation extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2016Aug | 27382960 |
| Dissipation of six fungicides in greenhouse-grown tomatoes with processing andhealth risk. | Environ Sci Pollut Res Int | 2016 Jun | 26957431 |
| Volatilisation of pesticides under field conditions: inverse modelling andpesticide fate models. | Pest Manag Sci | 2016 Jul | 26374459 |
| Effect of Fungicide Applications on Monilinia fructicola Population Diversity andTransposon Movement. | Phytopathology | 2016 Dec | 27452900 |
| Fungicide multiresidue monitoring in international wines by immunoassays. | Food Chem | 2016 Apr 1 | 26593617 |
| Up-and-down-shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled withgas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of fungicides in wine. | Food Chem | 2015 Oct 15 | 25952882 |
| Water with low concentration of surfactant in dispersed solvent-assisted emulsiondispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of fungicides inwine. | J Agric Food Chem | 2014 Sep 17 | 25152072 |
| Effervescence-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using a solideffervescent agent as a novel dispersion technique for the analysis of fungicidesin apple juice. | J Sep Sci | 2014 Nov | 25136817 |
| Effects of single pesticides and binary pesticide mixtures on estrone production in H295R cells. | Arch Toxicol | 2013 Dec | 23708528 |
| Effect of phenylpyrrole-resistance on fitness parameters and ochratoxin production in Aspergillus carbonarius. | Int J Food Microbiol | 2013 Aug 1 | 23800740 |
| Molecular characterization, fitness and mycotoxin production of benzimidazole-resistant isolates of Penicillium expansum. | Int J Food Microbiol | 2013 Apr 1 | 23454814 |
| Simultaneous determination of pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and its metabolite in fresh and home-processed fruit and vegetables by a QuEChERS method coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2013 | 23410121 |
| Processing factor for a selected group of pesticides in a wine-making process:distribution of pesticides during grape processing. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2013 | 23875669 |
| Pesticide residues in berries harvested from South-Eastern Poland (2009-2011). | Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig | 2013 | 23789309 |
| Method development and validation for cyprodinil and fludioxonil in blueberriesby solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography, and their degradationkinetics. | Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess | 2013 | 23799251 |
| [Determination of fungicide anilinopyrimidine residues in food by series solidphase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem massspectrometry]. | Se Pu | 2012 Sep | 23285970 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID:
- P33261
- Molecular Weight:
- 55930.545 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Transferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Synthesizes the second messagers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. Also has cADPr hydrolase activity. Also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system.
- Gene Name:
- CD38
- Uniprot ID:
- P28907
- Molecular Weight:
- 34328.145 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- Gene Name:
- CCL2
- Uniprot ID:
- P13500
- Molecular Weight:
- 11024.87 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Acts as a receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Plays a role in localizing and promoting plasmin formation. Mediates the proteolysis-independent signal transduction activation effects of U-PA. It is subject to negative-feedback regulation by U-PA which cleaves it into an inactive form.
- Gene Name:
- PLAUR
- Uniprot ID:
- Q03405
- Molecular Weight:
- 36977.62 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID:
- P20813
- Molecular Weight:
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P04798
- Molecular Weight:
- 58164.815 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition. Signaling promotes phospholipase C activity, leading to the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3); this then triggers calcium ion release into the cytosol.
- Gene Name:
- CHRM2
- Uniprot ID:
- P08172
- Molecular Weight:
- 51714.605 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
- Gene Name:
- SLC6A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P23975
- Molecular Weight:
- 69331.42 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Prostaglandin e receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. The subsequent raise in intracellular cAMP is responsible for the relaxing effect of this receptor on smooth muscle.
- Gene Name:
- PTGER2
- Uniprot ID:
- P43116
- Molecular Weight:
- 39759.945 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid binding
- Specific Function:
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone. Isoform 2 lacks transferase activity but acts as a negative regulator of isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P22309
- Molecular Weight:
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
- Specific Function:
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
- Gene Name:
- CHRM5
- Uniprot ID:
- P08912
- Molecular Weight:
- 60073.205 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
- Specific Function:
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
- Gene Name:
- CHRM4
- Uniprot ID:
- P08173
- Molecular Weight:
- 53048.65 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase.
- Gene Name:
- HMGCS2
- Uniprot ID:
- P54868
- Molecular Weight:
- 56634.915 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Sulfotransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfonation of steroids and bile acids in the liver and adrenal glands.
- Gene Name:
- SULT2A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q06520
- Molecular Weight:
- 33779.57 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P05177
- Molecular Weight:
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Peptide antigen binding
- Specific Function:
- Binds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. The peptide binding cleft accommodates peptides of 10-30 residues. The peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated mostly by degradation of proteins that access the endocytic route, where they are processed by lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases. Exogenous antigens that have been endocytosed by the APC are thus readily available for presentation via MHC II molecules, and for this reason this antigen presentation pathway is usually referred to as exogenous. As membrane proteins on their way to degradation in lysosomes as part of their normal turn-over are also contained in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments, exogenous antigens must compete with those derived from endogenous components. Autophagy is also a source of endogenous peptides, autophagosomes constitutively fuse with MHC class II loading compartments. In addition to APCs, other cells of the gastrointestinal tract, such as epithelial cells, express MHC class II molecules and CD74 and act as APCs, which is an unusual trait of the GI tract. To produce a MHC class II molecule that presents an antigen, three MHC class II molecules (heterodimers of an alpha and a beta chain) associate with a CD74 trimer in the ER to form a heterononamer. Soon after the entry of this complex into the endosomal/lysosomal system where antigen processing occurs, CD74 undergoes a sequential degradation by various proteases, including CTSS and CTSL, leaving a small fragment termed CLIP (class-II-associated invariant chain peptide). The removal of CLIP is facilitated by HLA-DM via direct binding to the alpha-beta-CLIP complex so that CLIP is released. HLA-DM stabilizes MHC class II molecules until primary high affinity antigenic peptides are bound. The MHC II molecule bound to a peptide is then transported to the cell membrane surface. In B-cells, the interaction between HLA-DM and MHC class II molecules is regulated by HLA-DO. Primary dendritic cells (DCs) also to express HLA-DO. Lysosomal microenvironment has been implicated in the regulation of antigen loading into MHC II molecules, increased acidification produces increased proteolysis and efficient peptide loading.
- Gene Name:
- HLA-DRA
- Uniprot ID:
- P01903
- Molecular Weight:
- 28606.685 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
- Gene Name:
- CHRM3
- Uniprot ID:
- P20309
- Molecular Weight:
- 66127.445 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03372
- Molecular Weight:
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]