Calcium
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Calcium(F05367) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids. Getting too much calcium can cause constipation. It might also interfere with the body's ability to absorb iron and zinc. In adults, too much calcium from dietary supplements might increase the risk of kidney stones. Too much calcium from food sources does not increase that risk. |
| FRCD ID | F05367 |
| CAS Number | 7440-70-2 |
| PubChem CID | 271 |
| Formula | Ca+2 |
| IUPAC Name | calcium(2+) |
| InChI Key | BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/Ca/q+2 |
| Canonical SMILES | [Ca+2] |
| Isomeric SMILES | [Ca+2] |
| Wikipedia | Calcium |
| Synonyms |
14127-61-8
17787-72-3
calcium ion
Calcium(2+)
Calcium cation
Ca2+
Ca++
UNII-2M83C4R6ZB
Calcium(2+) ion
2M83C4R6ZB
|
| Classifies |
Animal Toxin
Metal
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
| Superclass | Homogeneous metal compounds |
| Class | Homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds |
| Subclass | Not available |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Not available |
| Substituents | Homogeneous alkaline earth metal |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a alkaline earth metal atom. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 40.078 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Complexity | 0 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 39.963 |
| Exact Mass | 39.963 |
| Formal Charge | 2 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 1 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Determination of macro, micro and trace elements in citrus fruits by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ICP-mass spectrometry and direct mercury analyzer. | J Sci Food Agric | 2018 Sep 27 | 30264403 |
| Long term insight into biodiversity of a smelter wasteland reclaimed with biosolids and by-product lime. | Sci Total Environ | 2018 Sep 15 | 29913567 |
| Methyl-β-cyclodextrin potentiates the BITC-induced anti-cancer effect through modulation of the Akt phosphorylation in human colorectal cancer cells. | Biosci Biotechnol Biochem | 2018 Sep 10 | 30200817 |
| Proper management of lead-contaminated agricultural lands against the exceedance of lead in agricultural produce: Derivation of local soil criteria. | Sci Total Environ | 2018 Sep 1 | 29627556 |
| Injection technique in neurotoxins and fillers: Indications, products, and outcomes. | J Am Acad Dermatol | 2018 Sep | 30119866 |
| Enterotoxic Clostridia: <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Enteric Diseases. | Microbiol Spectr | 2018 Sep | 30238869 |
| Development, validation and application of an ICP-MS/MS method to quantify minerals and (ultra-)trace elements in human serum. | J Trace Elem Med Biol | 2018 Sep | 29895367 |
| A Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle-Based Dual Vaccine against Anthrax and Plague. | MBio | 2018 Oct 16 | 30327445 |
| A comparison of selected physico-chemical properties of calcium alginate fibers produced using two different types of sodium alginate. | J Mech Behav Biomed Mater | 2018 Oct 13 | 30366306 |
| Non-transferrin-bound iron transporters. | Free Radic Biol Med | 2018 Oct 12 | 30316781 |
| Thymol inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 and BMM cells and LPS-induced bone loss in mice. | Food Chem Toxicol | 2018 Oct | 30048646 |
| Radiostrontium transport in plants and phytoremediation. | Environ Sci Pollut Res Int | 2018 Oct | 30187403 |
| The toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) - The involvement of nitric oxide, prostanoids and potassium channels in the reactivity of thoracic arteries in MSG-obese rats. | Toxicol Appl Pharmacol | 2018 Nov 15 | 30244120 |
| OTA induces intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption in IPEC-J2 cells through ROS/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-mediated MLCK activation. | Environ Pollut | 2018 Nov | 29966834 |
| Hepatoprotective effect of Forsythiae Fructus water extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. | J Ethnopharmacol | 2018 May 23 | 29474900 |
| Protective effects of Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease. | J Ethnopharmacol | 2018 May 10 | 29447949 |
| Cardiometabolic response of juvenile rainbow trout exposed to dietary selenomethionine. | Aquat Toxicol | 2018 May | 29550715 |
| Role of primary care physicians in intrathecal pain management: a narrative review of the literature. | Postgrad Med | 2018 May | 29542370 |
| Expression of the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens in Lactobacillus casei genome and evaluation of its immune effects in mice. | Microb Pathog | 2018 May | 29524545 |
| Herpud1 impacts insulin-dependent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells bycontrolling the Ca2+-calcineurin-Akt axis. | Biochim Biophys Acta | 2018 May | 29486284 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Calcium ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site for tropomyosin and Tn-C. The binding of calcium to Tn-C abolishes the inhibitory action of Tn on actin filaments.
- Gene Name:
- TNNC2
- Uniprot ID:
- P02585
- Molecular Weight:
- 18121.895 Da
References
- Martin SR, Avella G, Adrover M, de Nicola GF, Bullard B, Pastore A: Binding properties of the calcium-activated F2 isoform of Lethocerus troponin C. Biochemistry. 2011 Mar 22;50(11):1839-47. doi: 10.1021/bi102076s. Epub 2011 Feb 10. [21250664 ]
- General Function:
- Signal transducer activity
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of the calcium.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2C1
- Uniprot ID:
- P98194
- Molecular Weight:
- 100576.42 Da
References
- Shi X, Chen M, Huvos PE, Hardwicke PM: Amino acid sequence of a Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cross-striated part of the adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop: comparison to serca enzymes of other animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Jun;120(2):359-74. [9787799 ]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in living tissue.
- Gene Name:
- CAST
- Uniprot ID:
- P20810
- Molecular Weight:
- 76572.035 Da
References
- Hanna RA, Garcia-Diaz BE, Davies PL: Calpastatin simultaneously binds four calpains with different kinetic constants. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):2894-8. Epub 2007 May 25. [17543955 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Gene Name:
- ALPP
- Uniprot ID:
- P05187
- Molecular Weight:
- 57953.31 Da
References
- Llinas P, Masella M, Stigbrand T, Menez A, Stura EA, Le Du MH: Structural studies of human alkaline phosphatase in complex with strontium: implication for its secondary effect in bones. Protein Sci. 2006 Jul;15(7):1691-700. [16815919 ]
- General Function:
- Phospholipid binding
- Specific Function:
- This protein is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade.
- Gene Name:
- ANXA5
- Uniprot ID:
- P08758
- Molecular Weight:
- 35936.375 Da
References
- Bouton CM, Hossain MA, Frelin LP, Laterra J, Pevsner J: Microarray analysis of differential gene expression in lead-exposed astrocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Oct 1;176(1):34-53. [11578147 ]
- General Function:
- Ferroxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Ceruloplasmin is a blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane. Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1. May also play a role in fetal lung development or pulmonary antioxidant defense (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CP
- Uniprot ID:
- P00450
- Molecular Weight:
- 122204.45 Da
References
- Bento I, Peixoto C, Zaitsev VN, Lindley PF: Ceruloplasmin revisited: structural and functional roles of various metal cation-binding sites. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2007 Feb;63(Pt 2):240-8. Epub 2007 Jan 16. [17242517 ]
- General Function:
- Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
- Specific Function:
- Senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
- Gene Name:
- CASR
- Uniprot ID:
- P41180
- Molecular Weight:
- 120672.385 Da
References
- El Hiani Y, Ahidouch A, Roudbaraki M, Guenin S, Brule G, Ouadid-Ahidouch H: Calcium-sensing receptor stimulation induces nonselective cation channel activation in breast cancer cells. J Membr Biol. 2006;211(2):127-37. Epub 2006 Oct 14. [17041782 ]
- General Function:
- Structural constituent of bone
- Specific Function:
- Associates with the organic matrix of bone and cartilage. Thought to act as an inhibitor of bone formation.
- Gene Name:
- MGP
- Uniprot ID:
- P08493
- Molecular Weight:
- 12353.06 Da
References
- Yao Y, Shahbazian A, Bostrom KI: Proline and gamma-carboxylated glutamate residues in matrix Gla protein are critical for binding of bone morphogenetic protein-4. Circ Res. 2008 May 9;102(9):1065-74. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.166124. Epub 2008 Mar 27. [18369157 ]
- General Function:
- Protein dimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- Calcium-binding protein required for T-cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced cell death. May mediate Ca(2+)-regulated signals along the death pathway (By similarity). Calcium-dependent adapter necessary for the association between PDCD6IP and TSG101. Interaction with DAPK1 can accelerate apoptotic cell death by increasing caspase-3 activity. May inhibit KDR/VEGFR2-dependent angiogenesis; the function involves inhibition of VEGF-induced phosphoprylation of the Akt signaling pathway. Seems to play a role in the regulation of the distribution and function of MCOLN1 in the endosomal pathway. Isoform 2 has a lower Ca(2+) affinity than isoform 1. Isoform 1 and, to a lesser extend, isoform 2, can stabilize SHISA5.
- Gene Name:
- PDCD6
- Uniprot ID:
- O75340
- Molecular Weight:
- 21868.32 Da
References
- Suzuki H, Kawasaki M, Kakiuchi T, Shibata H, Wakatsuki S, Maki M: Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of N-terminally truncated human ALG-2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2008 Nov 1;64(Pt 11):974-7. doi: 10.1107/S1744309108030297. Epub 2008 Oct 31. [18997320 ]
- General Function:
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function:
- May function as calcium sensor and modulator, contributing to cellular calcium signaling. May function by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and indirectly play a role in many physiological processes. May also play a role in suppressing tumor cell growth.
- Gene Name:
- S100A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P29034
- Molecular Weight:
- 11116.695 Da
References
- Koch M, Bhattacharya S, Kehl T, Gimona M, Vasak M, Chazin W, Heizmann CW, Kroneck PM, Fritz G: Implications on zinc binding to S100A2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Mar;1773(3):457-70. Epub 2006 Dec 19. [17239974 ]
- General Function:
- Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
- Specific Function:
- Fodrin, which seems to be involved in secretion, interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner and is thus candidate for the calcium-dependent movement of the cytoskeleton at the membrane.
- Gene Name:
- SPTBN1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q01082
- Molecular Weight:
- 274606.995 Da
References
- Wallis CJ, Wenegieme EF, Babitch JA: Characterization of calcium binding to brain spectrin. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4333-7. [1537825 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Weakly binds calcium but binds zinc very tightly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites. Binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase. Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling. Could assist ATAD3A cytoplasmic processing, preventing aggregation and favoring mitochondrial localization. May mediate calcium-dependent regulation on many physiological processes by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and modulating their activity.
- Gene Name:
- S100B
- Uniprot ID:
- P04271
- Molecular Weight:
- 10712.985 Da
References
- Lee TS, Mane S, Eid T, Zhao H, Lin A, Guan Z, Kim JH, Schweitzer J, King-Stevens D, Weber P, Spencer SS, Spencer DD, de Lanerolle NC: Gene expression in temporal lobe epilepsy is consistent with increased release of glutamate by astrocytes. Mol Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1-2):1-13. [17515952 ]
- General Function:
- Troponin t binding
- Specific Function:
- Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site for tropomyosin and Tn-C. The binding of calcium to Tn-C abolishes the inhibitory action of Tn on actin filaments.
- Gene Name:
- TNNC1
- Uniprot ID:
- P63316
- Molecular Weight:
- 18402.36 Da
References
- Dweck D, Reynaldo DP, Pinto JR, Potter JD: A dilated cardiomyopathy troponin C mutation lowers contractile force by reducing strong myosin-actin binding. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 4;285(23):17371-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.064105. Epub 2010 Apr 6. [20371872 ]
- General Function:
- Protease binding
- Specific Function:
- May play a role in the structural integrity of cartilage via its interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as the collagens and fibronectin. Can mediate the interaction of chondrocytes with the cartilage extracellular matrix through interaction with cell surface integrin receptors. Could play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Potent suppressor of apoptosis in both primary chondrocytes and transformed cells. Suppresses apoptosis by blocking the activation of caspase-3 and by inducing the IAP family of survival proteins (BIRC3, BIRC2, BIRC5 and XIAP). Essential for maintaining a vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contractile/differentiated phenotype under physiological and pathological stimuli. Maintains this phenotype of VSMCs by interacting with ITGA7 (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- COMP
- Uniprot ID:
- P49747
- Molecular Weight:
- 82859.88 Da
References
- Chen FH, Herndon ME, Patel N, Hecht JT, Tuan RS, Lawler J: Interaction of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein/thrombospondin 5 with aggrecan. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 24;282(34):24591-8. Epub 2007 Jun 22. [17588949 ]
- General Function:
- Calcium ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein.
- Gene Name:
- PCDH19
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TAB3
- Molecular Weight:
- 126251.425 Da
References
- Dibbens LM, Tarpey PS, Hynes K, Bayly MA, Scheffer IE, Smith R, Bomar J, Sutton E, Vandeleur L, Shoubridge C, Edkins S, Turner SJ, Stevens C, O'Meara S, Tofts C, Barthorpe S, Buck G, Cole J, Halliday K, Jones D, Lee R, Madison M, Mironenko T, Varian J, West S, Widaa S, Wray P, Teague J, Dicks E, Butler A, Menzies A, Jenkinson A, Shepherd R, Gusella JF, Afawi Z, Mazarib A, Neufeld MY, Kivity S, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Korczyn AD, Derry CP, Sutherland GR, Friend K, Shaw M, Corbett M, Kim HG, Geschwind DH, Thomas P, Haan E, Ryan S, McKee S, Berkovic SF, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Mulley JC, Gecz J: X-linked protocadherin 19 mutations cause female-limited epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Nat Genet. 2008 Jun;40(6):776-81. doi: 10.1038/ng.149. Epub 2008 May 11. [18469813 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1C gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing the alpha-1C subunit play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. The various isoforms display marked differences in the sensitivity to DHP compounds. Binding of calmodulin or CABP1 at the same regulatory sites results in an opposit effects on the channel function.
- Gene Name:
- CACNA1C
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13936
- Molecular Weight:
- 248974.1 Da
References
- Boda D, Giri J, Henderson D, Eisenberg B, Gillespie D: Analyzing the components of the free-energy landscape in a calcium selective ion channel by Widom's particle insertion method. J Chem Phys. 2011 Feb 7;134(5):055102. doi: 10.1063/1.3532937. [21303162 ]