Profenofos
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Basic Info
| Common Name | Profenofos(F05434) |
| 2D Structure | |
| Description | Profenofos is an insecticide used on a wide variety of crops to control many pests but mainly Lepidoptera and mites. It is non-systemic with contact and stomach action, and an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. It is a broad-spectrum organophosphorous pesticide that is used widely in cotton fields for insect control. It is a pale yellow liquid with garlic-like odor and corrosive. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides. |
| FRCD ID | F05434 |
| CAS Number | 41198-08-7 |
| PubChem CID | 38779 |
| Formula | C11H15BrClO3PS |
| IUPAC Name | 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-[ethoxy(propylsulfanyl)phosphoryl]oxybenzene |
| InChI Key | QYMMJNLHFKGANY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C11H15BrClO3PS/c1-3-7-18-17(14,15-4-2)16-11-6-5-9(12)8-10(11)13/h5-6,8H,3-4,7H2,1-2H3 |
| Canonical SMILES | CCCSP(=O)(OCC)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)Br)Cl |
| Isomeric SMILES | CCCSP(=O)(OCC)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)Br)Cl |
| Synonyms |
(-)-Profenofos
Phosphorothioic acid, O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl ester
PROFENOFOS
Curacron
Selecron
41198-08-7
Polycron
Profenophos
(+)-Profenofos
Caswell No. 266AA
|
| Classifies |
Pesticide
|
| Update Date | Nov 13, 2018 17:07 |
Chemical Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Phenoxy compounds |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Phenoxy compounds |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Phenoxy compound - Bromobenzene - Chlorobenzene - Halobenzene - Aryl bromide - Aryl chloride - Aryl halide - Sulfenyl compound - Organothiophosphorus compound - Organobromide - Organohalogen compound - Organosulfur compound - Organic oxygen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organochloride - Organooxygen compound - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenoxy compounds. These are aromatic compounds contaning a phenoxy group. |
Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 373.626 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 4 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 7 |
| Complexity | 296 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 371.935 |
| Exact Mass | 371.935 |
| XLogP | 4.7 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 18 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 1 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
ADMET
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9364 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 1.0000 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.5126 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7070 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.5000 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9251 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.8263 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.7869 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7952 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6826 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Substrate | 0.5874 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.5405 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.6071 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8774 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.5000 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7175 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.6361 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Strong inhibitor | 0.5399 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.7227 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.8725 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.5613 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.9903 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9987 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.9034 |
| Biodegradation | Not ready biodegradable | 0.8576 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | II | 0.7703 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.5817 |
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -5.7271 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 1.0940 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 3.0500 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 0.8832 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 1.0949 | pIGC50, ug/L |
MRLs
| Food | Product Code | Country | MRLs | Application Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Komatsuna(Japanese Mustard Spinach) | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Cherries (sweet) (Black cherries, Capulins, Chokecherries, Cornelian cherries/European corniols, Nanking cherries, Sour cherries/morello cherries,) | 0140020 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Others (2) (Birches (trunk sap), Manna ashes (trunk sap), Maples (trunk sap), Palms (trunk sap), Palms (trunk sap), Other sugar plants,) | 0900990 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| (g) other farmed terrestrial animals (Alpaca, Bactrian camel, Capybara, Cottontail/American rabbit, Dromedary, Eland, Elk/moose, Emu, Fallow deer, Guinea pig, Hare (farmed), Llama, Nandu/greater rh... | 1017000 | European Union | 0.05 | 04/01/2018 | |
| Other Poultry Animals,Muscle | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Other Terrestrial Mammals,Fat | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Broccoli | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Other Cereal Grains | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Papaya | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Kiwifruit | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Banana | Japan | 0.05ppm | |||
| Potato | CAC | 0.05mg/kg | |||
| Cotton Seed | CAC | 2mg/kg | |||
| Citrus fruits | 0110000 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Grapefruits (Natsudaidais, Shaddocks/pomelos, Sweeties/oroblancos, Tangelolos, Tangelos (except minneolas)/Ugli®, Other hybrids of Citrus paradisi, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110010 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Oranges (Bergamots, Bitter oranges/sour oranges, Blood oranges, Cara caras, Chinottos, Trifoliate oranges, Other hybrids of Citrus sinensis, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110020 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Lemons (Buddha's hands/Buddha's fingers, Citrons,) | 0110030 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Limes (Indian sweet limes/Palestine sweet limes, Kaffir limes, Sweet limes/mosambis, Tahiti limes, Limequats,) | 0110040 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Mandarins (Calamondins, Clementines, Cleopatra mandarins, Minneolas, Satsumas/clausellinas, Tangerines/dancy mandarins, Tangors, Other hybrids of Citrus reticulata, not elsewhere mentioned,) | 0110050 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 | |
| Others (2) | 0110990 | European Union | 0.01* | 04/01/2018 |
References
| Title | Journal | Date | Pubmed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Application of a magnetic graphene nanocomposite for organophosphorus pesticideextraction in environmental water samples. | J Chromatogr A | 2018 Feb 2 | 29307530 |
| Aptamer-based microcantilever-array biosensor for profenofos detection. | Anal Chim Acta | 2018 Aug 22 | 29655422 |
| Self-Reported Symptoms and Pesticide Use among Farm Workers in Arusha, NorthernTanzania: A Cross Sectional Study. | Toxics | 2017 Sep 27 | 29051456 |
| Degradation products of profenofos as identified by high-field FTICR massspectrometry: Isotopic fine structure approach. | J Environ Sci Health B | 2017 Jan 2 | 27628767 |
| Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garciniamangostana L.), queen of fruits. | J Sci Food Agric | 2017 Feb | 27185538 |
| Dietary risk assessment of pesticides from vegetables and drinking water ingardening areas in Burkina Faso. | Sci Total Environ | 2017 Dec 1 | 28605838 |
| Simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and antioxidants in blended oil using a liquid-liquid extraction combined with dispersive solid phase extraction method. | Food Chem | 2017 Aug 15 | 28372183 |
| Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables at Two of the BiggestFresh Produce Markets in Africa. | J Food Prot | 2016 Nov | 28221902 |
| Application of elevated temperature-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organophosphorus pesticides residues in aqueous samples followedby gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. | Food Chem | 2016 Dec 1 | 27374524 |
| Multipesticide residue levels in UHT and raw milk samples by GC-μECD afterQuEChER extraction method. | Environ Monit Assess | 2016 Apr | 26992902 |
| Food safety in Thailand 2: Pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassicaoleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries. | Sci Total Environ | 2015 Nov 1 | 26093223 |
| Pesticide Residues in Bovine Milk in Punjab, India: Spatial Variation and RiskAssessment to Human Health. | Arch Environ Contam Toxicol | 2015 Aug | 26008642 |
| Organophosphorus insecticides in honey, pollen and bees (Apis mellifera L.) and their potential hazard to bee colonies in Egypt. | Ecotoxicol Environ Saf | 2015 Apr | 25574845 |
| Resistance to Conventional and New Insecticides in House Flies (Diptera:Muscidae) From Poultry Facilities in Punjab, Pakistan. | J Econ Entomol | 2015 Apr | 26470195 |
| Development of a single aptamer-based surface enhanced Raman scattering methodfor rapid detection of multiple pesticides. | Analyst | 2014 Apr 21 | 24551875 |
| Bioactive paper sensor based on the acetylcholinesterase for the rapid detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. | Int J Anal Chem | 2014 | 25484901 |
| Residues of organophosphate pesticides used in vegetable cultivation in ambientair, surface water and soil in Bueng Niam Subdistrict, Khon Kaen, Thailand. | Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | 2013 Nov | 24450247 |
| Biodegradation of profenofos by Bacillus subtilis isolated from grapevines (Vitisvinifera). | J Agric Food Chem | 2013 Jul 31 | 23806113 |
| Selection of DNA aptamers that bind to four organophosphorus pesticides. | Biotechnol Lett | 2012 May | 22261866 |
| Genotoxic effects of profenofos on the marine fish, Therapon jarbua. | Toxicol Mech Methods | 2012 Feb | 21859359 |
Targets
- General Function:
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function:
- Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
- Gene Name:
- BCHE
- Uniprot ID:
- P06276
- Molecular Weight:
- 68417.575 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Prostaglandin e receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. The subsequent raise in intracellular cAMP is responsible for the relaxing effect of this receptor on smooth muscle.
- Gene Name:
- PTGER2
- Uniprot ID:
- P43116
- Molecular Weight:
- 39759.945 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Transcription regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3') and activates the promoters of the genes for some small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and of genes such as those for histone H2B and immunoglobulins. Modulates transcription transactivation by NR3C1, AR and PGR (By similarity). In case of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, POU2F1 forms a multiprotein-DNA complex with the viral transactivator protein VP16 and HCFC1 thereby enabling the transcription of the viral immediate early genes.
- Gene Name:
- POU2F1
- Uniprot ID:
- P14859
- Molecular Weight:
- 76470.82 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P05177
- Molecular Weight:
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function:
- Transcription activator that binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements in the promoter regions of target genes. Important for the coordinated up-regulation of genes in response to oxidative stress. May be involved in the transcriptional activation of genes of the beta-globin cluster by mediating enhancer activity of hypersensitive site 2 of the beta-globin locus control region.
- Gene Name:
- NFE2L2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16236
- Molecular Weight:
- 67825.9 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Cleaves collagens of types I, II, and III at one site in the helical domain. Also cleaves collagens of types VII and X. In case of HIV infection, interacts and cleaves the secreted viral Tat protein, leading to a decrease in neuronal Tat's mediated neurotoxicity.
- Gene Name:
- MMP1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03956
- Molecular Weight:
- 54006.61 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes.
- Gene Name:
- NR1I2
- Uniprot ID:
- O75469
- Molecular Weight:
- 49761.245 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) plays an important role in normal bone growth, calcium metabolism, and tissue differentiation.
- Gene Name:
- CYP27B1
- Uniprot ID:
- O15528
- Molecular Weight:
- 56503.475 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Transcription factor that mediates the action of vitamin D3 by controlling the expression of hormone sensitive genes. Recruited to promoters via its interaction with BAZ1B/WSTF which mediates the interaction with acetylated histones, an essential step for VDR-promoter association. Plays a central role in calcium homeostasis.
- Gene Name:
- VDR
- Uniprot ID:
- P11473
- Molecular Weight:
- 48288.64 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Transcription regulatory region dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues. Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. Inhibits PER1 by repressing the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer mediated transcriptional activation of PER1.
- Gene Name:
- AHR
- Uniprot ID:
- P35869
- Molecular Weight:
- 96146.705 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
- Gene Name:
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID:
- P20815
- Molecular Weight:
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide (PubMed:11159812). Catalyzes 4-beta-hydroxylation of cholesterol. May catalyze 25-hydroxylation of cholesterol in vitro (PubMed:21576599).
- Gene Name:
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID:
- P08684
- Molecular Weight:
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID:
- P20813
- Molecular Weight:
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID:
- P33261
- Molecular Weight:
- 55930.545 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
- Gene Name:
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID:
- P11712
- Molecular Weight:
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Cholesterol binding
- Specific Function:
- Can bind protoporphyrin IX and may play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme (By similarity). Promotes the transport of cholesterol across mitochondrial membranes and may play a role in lipid metabolism (PubMed:24814875), but its precise physiological role is controversial. It is apparently not required for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Was initially identified as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor; can also bind isoquinoline carboxamides (PubMed:1847678).
- Gene Name:
- TSPO
- Uniprot ID:
- P30536
- Molecular Weight:
- 18827.81 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03372
- Molecular Weight:
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Steroid binding
- Specific Function:
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone. Isoform 2 lacks transferase activity but acts as a negative regulator of isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P22309
- Molecular Weight:
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]