BIPHENYL
Relevant Data
Food Additives Approved by WHO:
General Information
| Mainterm | BIPHENYL |
| Doc Type | ASP |
| CAS Reg.No.(or other ID) | 92-52-4 |
| Regnum |
178.2010 |
From www.fda.gov
Computed Descriptors
Download SDF| 2D Structure | |
| CID | 7095 |
| IUPAC Name | 1,1'-biphenyl |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C12H10/c1-3-7-11(8-4-1)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H |
| InChI Key | ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Canonical SMILES | C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2 |
| Molecular Formula | C12H10 |
| Wikipedia | biphenyl |
From Pubchem
Computed Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 154.212 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 1 |
| Complexity | 100.0 |
| CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint | A A A D c c B w A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A w Y A A A A A A A A A A B Q A A A G A A A A A A A D A C A G A A w A I A A A A C A A i B C A A A C A A A g A A A I i A A A A I g I I C K A E R C A I A A g g A A I i A c A g M A O g A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A = = |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 0.0 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 154.078 |
| Exact Mass | 154.078 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | True |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 12 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
From Pubchem
Food Additives Biosynthesis/Degradation
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Classification
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9735 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 1.0000 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.8926 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8067 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9398 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9477 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.8309 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.6269 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7929 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.9191 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7884 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.5656 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7950 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9652 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.7489 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9586 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.7077 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9623 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9084 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.9280 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.5233 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.9678 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9981 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.7014 |
| Biodegradation | Not ready biodegradable | 0.7578 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | III | 0.8330 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Warning | 0.4112 |
From admetSAR
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Regression
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -5.0135 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 2.0284 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 1.9506 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 0.2361 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 1.1751 | pIGC50, ug/L |
From admetSAR
Toxicity Profile
| Route of Exposure | Inhalation ; dermal ; eye contact |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Biphenyl alters the permeability properties of mitochondrial membranes . |
| Metabolism | Diphenyl is well absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. It is rapidly metabolized to 4-hydroxybiphenyl, 4-phenyl-catechol and 4,4'-dihydroxyphenyl, which are excreted in urine and bile as glucuronide and mercapturic conjugates. The metabolites of diphenyl, mainly 4-hydroxybiphenyl, are excreted rapidly and almost exclusively in the urine. Acute oral toxicity is moderate. . |
| Toxicity Values | LD50: 3280 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) LD50: 2400 mg/kg (Oral, Rabbit) LD50: 2500 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) |
| Lethal Dose | None |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). |
| Minimum Risk Level | None |
| Health Effects | Exposure to diphenyl can cause necrosis in the liver and kidney, with regions of cirrhosis in liver; also, degenerative changes in heart muscle, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as death can result from diphenyl poisoning (T48). |
| Treatment | Consider gastric lavage, after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion. In case of inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air and monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. I f the exposure occurred through dermal contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. |
| Reference |
|
From T3DB
Taxonomic Classification
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Biphenyls and derivatives |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Biphenyls and derivatives |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Biphenyl - Aromatic hydrocarbon - Unsaturated hydrocarbon - Hydrocarbon - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biphenyls and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing to benzene rings linked together by a C-C bond. |
From ClassyFire
Targets
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03372
- Molecular Weight:
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Luft S, Milki E, Glustrom E, Ampiah-Bonney R, O'Hara P. Binding of Organochloride and Pyrethroid Pesticides To Estrogen Receptors α and β: A Fluorescence Polarization Assay. Biophysical Journal 2009;96(3):444a. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner (PubMed:20074560). Isoform beta-cx lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ere binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. DNA-binding by ESR1 and ESR2 is rapidly lost at 37 degrees Celsius in the absence of ligand while in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen loss in DNA-binding at elevated temperature is more gradual.
- Gene Name:
- ESR2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q92731
- Molecular Weight:
- 59215.765 Da
References
- Luft S, Milki E, Glustrom E, Ampiah-Bonney R, O'Hara P. Binding of Organochloride and Pyrethroid Pesticides To Estrogen Receptors α and β: A Fluorescence Polarization Assay. Biophysical Journal 2009;96(3):444a. [16531984 ]
- General Function:
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P05177
- Molecular Weight:
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Korhonen LE, Rahnasto M, Mahonen NJ, Wittekindt C, Poso A, Juvonen RO, Raunio H: Predictive three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship of cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2005 Jun 2;48(11):3808-15. [15916432 ]
- General Function:
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function:
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, retinoid and xenobiotics. Preferentially oxidizes 17beta-estradiol to the carcinogenic 4-hydroxy derivative, and a variety of procarcinogenic compounds to their activated forms, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Promotes angiogenesis by removing cellular oxygenation products, thereby decreasing oxidative stress, release of antiangiogenic factor THBS2, then allowing endothelial cells migration, cell adhesion and capillary morphogenesis. These changes are concommitant with the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide synthesis. Plays an important role in the regulation of perivascular cell proliferation, migration, and survival through modulation of the intracellular oxidative state and NF-kappa-B expression and/or activity, during angiogenesis. Contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of trabecular meshwork tissue through modulation of POSTN expression.
- Gene Name:
- CYP1B1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16678
- Molecular Weight:
- 60845.33 Da
References
- Shimada T, Tanaka K, Takenaka S, Foroozesh MK, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M: Reverse type I binding spectra of human cytochrome P450 1B1 induced by flavonoid, stilbene, pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl derivatives that inhibit catalytic activity: a structure-function relationship study. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Jul;22(7):1325-33. doi: 10.1021/tx900127s. [19563207 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Binds to an ERR-alpha response element (ERRE) containing a single consensus half-site, 5'-TNAAGGTCA-3'. Can bind to the medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) response element NRRE-1 and may act as an important regulator of MCAD promoter. Binds to the C1 region of the lactoferrin gene promoter. Requires dimerization and the coactivator, PGC-1A, for full activity. The ERRalpha/PGC1alpha complex is a regulator of energy metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle.
- Gene Name:
- ESRRA
- Uniprot ID:
- P11474
- Molecular Weight:
- 45509.11 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
From T3DB