CITRIC ACID
General Information
| Mainterm | CITRIC ACID |
| Doc Type | ASP |
| CAS Reg.No.(or other ID) | 77-92-9 |
| Regnum |
178.1010 161.190 169.115 169.140 169.150 73.85 150.141 150.161 155.130 145.145 173.280 172.755 133.124 133.178 133.179 133.123 133.169 133.173 146.187 133.129 163.110 163.112 173.160 173.165 131.111 131.112 145.134 163.11 172.861 184.1033 |
From www.fda.gov
Computed Descriptors
Download SDF| 2D Structure | |
| CID | 311 |
| IUPAC Name | 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12) |
| InChI Key | KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Canonical SMILES | C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O |
| Molecular Formula | (a)C6H8O7(anhydrous) |
| Wikipedia | tribasicammonium citrate |
From Pubchem
Computed Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 192.123 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 4 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 7 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 5 |
| Complexity | 227.0 |
| CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint | A A A D c c B g O A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A G g A A C A A A D E S A g A A A C A A A A g A I A A C Q C A I A A A A A A A A A A A F A A A A B A B Y A A A A A Q A A F I A A B A A D L J g A K A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A = = |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 132.0 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 192.027 |
| Exact Mass | 192.027 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | True |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 13 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
From Pubchem
Food Additives Biosynthesis/Degradation
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Classification
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.8550 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA- | 0.7518 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2- | 0.8634 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6125 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9694 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9658 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.9624 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.7275 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8641 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8932 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6809 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9336 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9399 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9476 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9396 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8735 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.9904 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9948 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9577 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.9132 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.8206 |
| Fish Toxicity | Low FHMT | 0.5849 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | Low TPT | 0.9201 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.6437 |
| Biodegradation | Ready biodegradable | 0.6288 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | III | 0.8407 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.7129 |
From admetSAR
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Regression
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | 0.4475 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | -0.7274 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 1.7748 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 2.5880 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | -0.6668 | pIGC50, ug/L |
From admetSAR
Taxonomic Classification
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Organic acids and derivatives |
| Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
| Subclass | Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives - Hydroxy acid - Alpha-hydroxy acid - Tertiary alcohol - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxygen compound - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organooxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Alcohol - Aliphatic acyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. |
From ClassyFire
Targets
- General Function:
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the degradation of glucose via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Catalyzes the reversible, stereospecific retro-aldol cleavage of 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) to pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. In the synthetic direction, it catalyzes the addition of pyruvate to electrophilic aldehydes with si-facial selectivity. It accepts some nucleophiles other than pyruvate, including 2-oxobutanoate, phenylpyruvate, and fluorobutanoate. It has a preference for the S-configuration at C2 of the electrophile.
- Gene Name:
- eda
- Uniprot ID:
- P0A955
- Molecular Weight:
- 22283.8 Da
- General Function:
- Molybdenum cofactor guanylyltransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Transfers a GMP moiety from GTP to Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor (Moco or molybdenum cofactor) to form Mo-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (Mo-MGD) cofactor. Is also involved in the biosynthesis of the bis-MGD form of the Moco cofactor (Mo-bisMGD) in which the metal is symmetrically ligated by the dithiolene groups of two MGD molecules. Is necessary and sufficient for the in vitro activation of the DMSOR molybdoenzyme that uses the Mo-bisMGD form of molybdenum cofactor, which implies formation and efficient insertion of the cofactor into the enzyme without the need of a chaperone. Is specific for GTP since other nucleotides such as ATP and GMP can not be utilized.
- Gene Name:
- mobA
- Uniprot ID:
- P32173
- Molecular Weight:
- 21642.735 Da
- General Function:
- Fumarate hydratase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the reversible addition of water to fumarate to give L-malate.
- Gene Name:
- fumC
- Uniprot ID:
- P05042
- Molecular Weight:
- 50488.44 Da
- General Function:
- 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity
- Specific Function:
- Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
- Gene Name:
- pgl
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9X0N8
- Molecular Weight:
- 25324.955 Da
- General Function:
- Nad(p)h nitroreductase activity
- Specific Function:
- Reduction of a variety of nitroaromatic compounds using NADH (and to lesser extent NADPH) as source of reducing equivalents; two electrons are transferred. Capable of reducing nitrofurazone, quinones and the anti-tumor agent CB1954 (5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide). The reduction of CB1954 results in the generation of cytotoxic species.
- Gene Name:
- nfsB
- Uniprot ID:
- P38489
- Molecular Weight:
- 23904.99 Da
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Capsid protein p27 forms the spherical core of the virus that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex.The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell.
- Gene Name:
- gag-pro-pol
- Uniprot ID:
- Q04095
- Molecular Weight:
- 173931.55 Da
- General Function:
- L-amino-acid oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Lysosomal L-amino-acid oxidase with highest specific activity with phenylalanine. May play a role in lysosomal antigen processing and presentation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- IL4I1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96RQ9
- Molecular Weight:
- 62880.52 Da
- General Function:
- Receptor binding
- Specific Function:
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. The expression of MIF at sites of inflammation suggests a role as mediator in regulating the function of macrophages in host defense. Counteracts the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids. Has phenylpyruvate tautomerase and dopachrome tautomerase activity (in vitro), but the physiological substrate is not known. It is not clear whether the tautomerase activity has any physiological relevance, and whether it is important for cytokine activity.
- Gene Name:
- MIF
- Uniprot ID:
- P14174
- Molecular Weight:
- 12476.19 Da
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Preferentially catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' within the tandem 7 residue repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A. Negatively regulates RNA polymerase II transcription, possibly by controlling the transition from initiation/capping to processive transcript elongation. Recruited by REST to neuronal genes that contain RE-1 elements, leading to neuronal gene silencing in non-neuronal cells.
- Gene Name:
- CTDSP1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9GZU7
- Molecular Weight:
- 29202.94 Da
- General Function:
- Nadph binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the NADP-dependent rearrangement and reduction of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP).
- Gene Name:
- dxr
- Uniprot ID:
- P45568
- Molecular Weight:
- 43387.575 Da
- General Function:
- Tryptophan synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- The alpha subunit is responsible for the aldol cleavage of indoleglycerol phosphate to indole and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
- Gene Name:
- trpA
- Uniprot ID:
- P16608
- Molecular Weight:
- 28936.25 Da
- General Function:
- Exo-alpha-(2->8)-sialidase activity
- Specific Function:
- To release sialic acids for use as carbon and energy sources for this non-pathogenic bacterium while in pathogenic microorganisms, sialidases have been suggested to be pathogenic factors.
- Gene Name:
- nedA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q02834
- Molecular Weight:
- 68829.78 Da
- General Function:
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Uniprot ID:
- P83787
- Molecular Weight:
- 35354.415 Da
- General Function:
- Protein domain specific binding
- Specific Function:
- Involved in intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines and growth factors. When associated with STAM, it suppresses DNA signaling upon stimulation by IL-2 and GM-CSF. Could be a direct effector of PI3-kinase in vesicular pathway via early endosomes and may regulate trafficking to early and late endosomes by recruiting clathrin. May concentrate ubiquitinated receptors within clathrin-coated regions. Involved in down-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase via multivesicular body (MVBs) when complexed with STAM (ESCRT-0 complex). The ESCRT-0 complex binds ubiquitin and acts as sorting machinery that recognizes ubiquitinated receptors and transfers them to further sequential lysosomal sorting/trafficking processes. May contribute to the efficient recruitment of SMADs to the activin receptor complex. Involved in receptor recycling via its association with the CART complex, a multiprotein complex required for efficient transferrin receptor recycling but not for EGFR degradation.
- Gene Name:
- HGS
- Uniprot ID:
- O14964
- Molecular Weight:
- 86191.46 Da
- Specific Function:
- Invasin is a protein that allows enteric bacteria to penetrate cultured mammalian cells. The entry of invasin in the cell is mediated by binding several beta-1 chain integrins.
- Uniprot ID:
- P11922
- Molecular Weight:
- 106543.46 Da
- General Function:
- Endonuclease activity
- Specific Function:
- This endonuclease is specific to the thymidylate synthase (td) gene splice junction and is involved in intron homing.
- Gene Name:
- ITEVIR
- Uniprot ID:
- P13299
- Molecular Weight:
- 28232.2 Da
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Structural component of the short tail fiber. Adhesion protein that binds irreversibly to the lipopolysaccharides component (LPS) on the cell surface of Escherichia coli B strains during virus attachment. After at least three long tail fibers have bound, short tail fibers extend and bind irreversibly to the core region of the host cell LPS.
- Gene Name:
- 12
- Uniprot ID:
- P10930
- Molecular Weight:
- 56204.88 Da
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Gene Name:
- MDH2
- Uniprot ID:
- P40926
- Molecular Weight:
- 35502.935 Da
- General Function:
- 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the conversion of N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (N5-CAIR) to 4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR).
- Gene Name:
- purE
- Uniprot ID:
- Q2QJL3
- Molecular Weight:
- 18734.295 Da
- General Function:
- Structural constituent of ribosome
- Specific Function:
- One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome (By similarity).This protein only weakly controls expression of the E.coli S10 operon. It is incorporated into E.coli ribosomes, however it is not as firmly associated as the endogenous protein.Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel.
- Gene Name:
- rplD
- Uniprot ID:
- P38516
- Molecular Weight:
- 26630.77 Da
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Gene Name:
- CPB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P15086
- Molecular Weight:
- 47367.11 Da
- General Function:
- Structural molecule activity
- Specific Function:
- Major capsid protein that self-associates to form 240 hexon trimers, each in the shape of a hexagon, building most of the pseudo T=25 capsid. Assembled into trimeric units with the help of the chaperone shutoff protein. Transported by pre-protein VI to the nucleus where it associates with other structural proteins to form an empty capsid. Might be involved, through its interaction with host dyneins, in the intracellular microtubule-dependent transport of incoming viral capsid to the nucleus.
- Uniprot ID:
- P03277
- Molecular Weight:
- 109151.995 Da
- General Function:
- Riboflavin kinase activity
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9WZW1
- Molecular Weight:
- 33613.56 Da
- General Function:
- Sucrose alpha-glucosidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Hydrolysis of sucrose, raffinose, inulin and levan. Specific for the fructose moiety and the beta-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkages of its substrates. The enzyme released fructose from sucrose and raffinose, and the fructose polymer inulin is hydrolyzed quantitatively in an exo-type fashion.
- Gene Name:
- bfrA
- Uniprot ID:
- O33833
- Molecular Weight:
- 49841.065 Da
- Gene Name:
- sspA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q7CL96
- Molecular Weight:
- 24524.98 Da
- General Function:
- Transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer
- Gene Name:
- cit
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9LCX9
- Molecular Weight:
- 42322.13 Da
- General Function:
- Rna-3'-phosphate cyclase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA. The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product. The biological role of this enzyme is unknown but it is likely to function in some aspects of cellular RNA processing.
- Gene Name:
- rtcA
- Uniprot ID:
- P46849
- Molecular Weight:
- 35902.925 Da
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Component of LSm protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing and may function in a chaperone-like manner, facilitating the efficient association of RNA processing factors with their substrates. Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex, which is thought to be involved in mRNA degradation by activating the decapping step in the 5'-to-3' mRNA decay pathway. Component of the nuclear LSM2-LSM8 complex, which is involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. LSM2-LSM8 associates with multiple snRNP complexes containing the U6 snRNA (U4/U6 di-snRNP, spliceosomal U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP, and free U6 snRNP). It binds directly to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA and plays a role in the biogenesis and stability of the U6 snRNP and U4/U6 snRNP complexes. LSM2-LSM8 probably also is involved degradation of nuclear pre-mRNA by targeting them for decapping, and in processing of pre-tRNAs, pre-rRNAs and U3 snoRNA (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- LSM6
- Uniprot ID:
- P62312
- Molecular Weight:
- 9127.525 Da
- General Function:
- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate (PtdIns3,4P2), but not to other phosphoinositides. May recruit other proteins to the plasma membrane.
- Gene Name:
- PLEKHA1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9HB21
- Molecular Weight:
- 45553.165 Da
- General Function:
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Part of the ABC transporter complex FbpABC (TC 3.A.1.10.1) involved in Fe(3+) ions import. This protein specifically binds Fe(3+) and is involved in its transmembrane transport (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- fbpA
- Uniprot ID:
- P21408
- Molecular Weight:
- 36157.015 Da
- General Function:
- Gtpase activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in targeting and insertion of nascent membrane proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane. Acts as a receptor for the complex formed by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the ribosome-nascent chain (RNC).
- Gene Name:
- ftsY
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9WZ40
- Molecular Weight:
- 32045.975 Da
- General Function:
- Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the reversible adenylation of nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN) to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD).
- Gene Name:
- nadD
- Uniprot ID:
- P0A753
- Molecular Weight:
- 24527.75 Da
- General Function:
- Rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the transcription termination process.
- Gene Name:
- nusB
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9X286
- Molecular Weight:
- 16973.325 Da
- General Function:
- Retinol binding
- Specific Function:
- C8 is a constituent of the membrane attack complex. C8 binds to the C5B-7 complex, forming the C5B-8 complex. C5-B8 binds C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9. The gamma subunit seems to be able to bind retinol.
- Gene Name:
- C8G
- Uniprot ID:
- P07360
- Molecular Weight:
- 22277.285 Da
- General Function:
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
- Specific Function:
- Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- nrdF
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9CBQ2
- Molecular Weight:
- 37315.67 Da
- General Function:
- Citrate synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the catabolism of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)(acetyl degradation route) and via the 2-methylcitrate cycle I (propionate degradation route). Catalyzes the Claisen condensation of propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) to yield (2S,3S)-2-methylcitrate (2-MC) and CoA. Also catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl-CoA but with a lower specificity.
- Gene Name:
- gltA
- Uniprot ID:
- O34002
- Molecular Weight:
- 41832.0 Da
- General Function:
- Prostaglandin-f synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the NADP-dependent formation of prostaglandin F2-alpha from prostaglandin H2. Has also aldo/ketoreductase activity towards the synthetic substrates 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde.
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9GV41
- Molecular Weight:
- 30992.385 Da
- General Function:
- Essential cell division protein that forms a contractile ring structure (Z ring) at the future cell division site. The regulation of the ring assembly controls the timing and the location of cell division. One of the functions of the FtsZ ring is to recruit other cell division proteins to the septum to produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells. Binds GTP and shows GTPase activity.
- Specific Function:
- Gtp binding
- Gene Name:
- ftsZ
- Uniprot ID:
- P9WN95
- Molecular Weight:
- 38755.52 Da
- General Function:
- Amp binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
- Gene Name:
- APRT
- Uniprot ID:
- P07741
- Molecular Weight:
- 19607.535 Da
- General Function:
- Rrna binding
- Specific Function:
- Binds to actin on the surface of endothelial cells; once bound, angiogenin is endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus. Stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis including that containing the initiation site sequences of 45S rRNA. Cleaves tRNA within anticodon loops to produce tRNA-derived stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs) which inhibit protein synthesis and triggers the assembly of stress granules (SGs). Angiogenin induces vascularization of normal and malignant tissues. Angiogenic activity is regulated by interaction with RNH1 in vivo.
- Gene Name:
- ANG
- Uniprot ID:
- P03950
- Molecular Weight:
- 16549.95 Da
- General Function:
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the formation of dTDP-glucose, from dTTP and glucose 1-phosphate, as well as its pyrophosphorolysis.
- Gene Name:
- rmlA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9HU22
- Molecular Weight:
- 32456.65 Da
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Can hydrolyze carbapenem compounds.
- Gene Name:
- blm
- Uniprot ID:
- P04190
- Molecular Weight:
- 28092.24 Da
- Uniprot ID:
- Q81F54
- Molecular Weight:
- 16581.885 Da
- General Function:
- Uridine kinase activity
- Specific Function:
- Phosphorylates uridine and cytidine to uridine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate. Does not phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides or purine ribonucleosides. Can use ATP or GTP as a phosphate donor. Can also phosphorylate cytidine and uridine nucleoside analogs such as 6-azauridine, 5-fluorouridine, 4-thiouridine, 5-bromouridine, N(4)-acetylcytidine, N(4)-benzoylcytidine, 5-fluorocytidine, 2-thiocytidine, 5-methylcytidine, and N(4)-anisoylcytidine.
- Gene Name:
- UCK2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BZX2
- Molecular Weight:
- 29298.92 Da
- General Function:
- Receptor binding
- Specific Function:
- Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF13B/TACI and TNFRSF17/BCMA. TNFSF13/APRIL binds to the same 2 receptors. Together, they form a 2 ligands -2 receptors pathway involved in the stimulation of B- and T-cell function and the regulation of humoral immunity. A third B-cell specific BAFF-receptor (BAFFR/BR3) promotes the survival of mature B-cells and the B-cell response.Isoform 2 seems to inhibit isoform 1 secretion and bioactivity.Isoform 3: Acts as a transcription factor for its own parent gene, in association with NF-kappa-B p50 subunit, at least in autoimmune and proliferative B-cell diseases. The presence of Delta4BAFF is essential for soluble BAFF release by IFNG/IFN-gamma-stimulated monocytes and for B-cell survival. It can directly or indirectly regulate the differential expression of a large number of genes involved in the innate immune response and the regulation of apoptosis.
- Gene Name:
- TNFSF13B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y275
- Molecular Weight:
- 31222.48 Da
- General Function:
- Copper ion binding
- Gene Name:
- yfiH
- Uniprot ID:
- P33644
- Molecular Weight:
- 26338.69 Da
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline.
- Gene Name:
- BHMT
- Uniprot ID:
- Q93088
- Molecular Weight:
- 44998.205 Da
- General Function:
- Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the reversible conversion of ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate.
- Gene Name:
- rpiA
- Uniprot ID:
- P44725
- Molecular Weight:
- 23093.47 Da
- General Function:
- Tryptophan-trna ligase activity
- Gene Name:
- trpS
- Uniprot ID:
- P00953
- Molecular Weight:
- 37192.385 Da
- General Function:
- Pyrophosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the synthesis of GMP from XMP.
- Gene Name:
- guaA
- Uniprot ID:
- P04079
- Molecular Weight:
- 58678.78 Da
- General Function:
- Glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies.
- Gene Name:
- AKR1B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P15121
- Molecular Weight:
- 35853.125 Da
- General Function:
- Xtp diphosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triposphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
- Gene Name:
- ITPA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BY32
- Molecular Weight:
- 21445.495 Da
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Gene Name:
- CS
- Uniprot ID:
- O75390
- Molecular Weight:
- 51712.025 Da
- General Function:
- Lysozyme activity
- Specific Function:
- Essential for lysis of bacterial cell wall, by showing cell wall hydrolyzing activity.
- Gene Name:
- 17
- Uniprot ID:
- Q37875
- Molecular Weight:
- 20256.17 Da
- General Function:
- Sulfotransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) to catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group to an N-unsubstituted glucosamine linked to a 2-O-sulfo iduronic acid unit on heparan sulfate. Catalyzes the O-sulfation of glucosamine in IdoUA2S-GlcNS and also in IdoUA2S-GlcNH2. The substrate-specific O-sulfation generates an enzyme-modified heparan sulfate which acts as a binding receptor to Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and permits its entry. Unlike 3-OST-1, does not convert non-anticoagulant heparan sulfate to anticoagulant heparan sulfate.
- Gene Name:
- HS3ST3A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y663
- Molecular Weight:
- 44899.155 Da
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9X1F0
- Molecular Weight:
- 19296.645 Da
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. This phosphodiesterase catalyzes the specific hydrolysis of cGMP to 5'-GMP (PubMed:9714779, PubMed:15489334). Specifically regulates nitric-oxide-generated cGMP (PubMed:15489334).
- Gene Name:
- PDE5A
- Uniprot ID:
- O76074
- Molecular Weight:
- 99984.14 Da
- General Function:
- 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes an anti cycloisomerization.
- Gene Name:
- pcaB
- Uniprot ID:
- P32427
- Molecular Weight:
- 44675.755 Da
- General Function:
- Sh3/sh2 adaptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redundancy between members of the SRC kinase family, identification of the specific role of each SRC kinase is very difficult. SRC appears to be one of the primary kinases activated following engagement of receptors and plays a role in the activation of other protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) families. Receptor clustering or dimerization leads to recruitment of SRC to the receptor complexes where it phosphorylates the tyrosine residues within the receptor cytoplasmic domains. Plays an important role in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization through phosphorylation of specific substrates such as AFAP1. Phosphorylation of AFAP1 allows the SRC SH2 domain to bind AFAP1 and to localize to actin filaments. Cytoskeletal reorganization is also controlled through the phosphorylation of cortactin (CTTN). When cells adhere via focal adhesions to the extracellular matrix, signals are transmitted by integrins into the cell resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of focal adhesion proteins, including PTK2/FAK1 and paxillin (PXN). In addition to phosphorylating focal adhesion proteins, SRC is also active at the sites of cell-cell contact adherens junctions and phosphorylates substrates such as beta-catenin (CTNNB1), delta-catenin (CTNND1), and plakoglobin (JUP). Another type of cell-cell junction, the gap junction, is also a target for SRC, which phosphorylates connexin-43 (GJA1). SRC is implicated in regulation of pre-mRNA-processing and phosphorylates RNA-binding proteins such as KHDRBS1. Also plays a role in PDGF-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT3, leading to increased DNA binding activity of these transcription factors. Involved in the RAS pathway through phosphorylation of RASA1 and RASGRF1. Plays a role in EGF-mediated calcium-activated chloride channel activation. Required for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization through phosphorylation of clathrin heavy chain (CLTC and CLTCL1) at 'Tyr-1477'. Involved in beta-arrestin (ARRB1 and ARRB2) desensitization through phosphorylation and activation of ADRBK1, leading to beta-arrestin phosphorylation and internalization. Has a critical role in the stimulation of the CDK20/MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor. Might be involved not only in mediating the transduction of mitogenic signals at the level of the plasma membrane but also in controlling progression through the cell cycle via interaction with regulatory proteins in the nucleus. Plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption in conjunction with PTK2B/PYK2. Both the formation of a SRC-PTK2B/PYK2 complex and SRC kinase activity are necessary for this function. Recruited to activated integrins by PTK2B/PYK2, thereby phosphorylating CBL, which in turn induces the activation and recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the cell membrane in a signaling pathway that is critical for osteoclast function. Promotes energy production in osteoclasts by activating mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase. Phosphorylates DDR2 on tyrosine residues, thereby promoting its subsequent autophosphorylation. Phosphorylates RUNX3 and COX2 on tyrosine residues, TNK2 on 'Tyr-284' and CBL on 'Tyr-731'. Enhances DDX58/RIG-I-elicited antiviral signaling. Phosphorylates PDPK1 at 'Tyr-9', 'Tyr-373' and 'Tyr-376'. Phosphorylates BCAR1 at 'Tyr-128'. Phosphorylates CBLC at multiple tyrosine residues, phosphorylation at 'Tyr-341' activates CBLC E3 activity. Required for podosome formation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SRC
- Uniprot ID:
- P12931
- Molecular Weight:
- 59834.295 Da
- General Function:
- Thiamine pyrophosphate binding
- Gene Name:
- pdc
- Uniprot ID:
- P06672
- Molecular Weight:
- 60925.005 Da
- General Function:
- Ribonuclease a activity
- Specific Function:
- Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA on the 3' side of pyrimidine nucleotides. Acts on single-stranded and double-stranded RNA.
- Gene Name:
- RNASE1
- Uniprot ID:
- P07998
- Molecular Weight:
- 17644.125 Da
- General Function:
- Nad binding
- Gene Name:
- icd
- Uniprot ID:
- P39126
- Molecular Weight:
- 46417.39 Da
- General Function:
- Glycine n-methyltransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to form N-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Possible crucial role in the regulation of tissue concentration of AdoMet and of metabolism of methionine.
- Gene Name:
- GNMT
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14749
- Molecular Weight:
- 32742.0 Da
- General Function:
- Ribonuclease activity
- Specific Function:
- Cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with low-efficiency ribonuclease activity. Possesses a wide variety of biological activities. Exhibits antibacterial activity, including cytoplasmic membrane depolarization of preferentially Gram-negative, but also Gram-positive strains. Promotes E.coli outer membrane detachment, alteration of the overall cell shape and partial loss of cell content.
- Gene Name:
- RNASE3
- Uniprot ID:
- P12724
- Molecular Weight:
- 18385.145 Da
- General Function:
- Beta-lactamase activity
- Gene Name:
- penP
- Uniprot ID:
- P00808
- Molecular Weight:
- 33995.36 Da
From T3DB