AZELAIC ACID

General Function:

Sterol 5-alpha reductase activity

Specific Function:

Converts testosterone (T) into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and androgen physiology.

Gene Name:

SRD5A2

Uniprot ID:

P31213

Molecular Weight:

28393.015 Da

References

1. Stamatiadis D, Bulteau-Portois MC, Mowszowicz I: Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Nov;119(5):627-32. [3207614 ]

General Function:

Steroid binding

Specific Function:

Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates.

Gene Name:

AKR1D1

Uniprot ID:

P51857

Molecular Weight:

37376.615 Da

References

1. Stamatiadis D, Bulteau-Portois MC, Mowszowicz I: Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Nov;119(5):627-32. [3207614 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.

Gene Name:

TYR

Uniprot ID:

P14679

Molecular Weight:

60392.69 Da

References

1. Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Balus L, Breathnach A, Martin B, Morpurgo G: Effect of dicarboxylic acids on lentigo maligna. J Invest Dermatol. 1979 Jun;72(6):296-305. [448162 ]

General Function:

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function:

Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.

Gene Name:

ESR1

Uniprot ID:

P03372

Molecular Weight:

66215.45 Da

References

1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

General Function:

Thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity

Gene Name:

trxB

Uniprot ID:

P66010

Molecular Weight:

33615.84 Da

General Function:

Dna-directed dna polymerase activity

Specific Function:

In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' exonuclease activity. It is able to utilize nicked circular duplex DNA as a template and can unwind the parental DNA strand from its template.

Gene Name:

polA

Uniprot ID:

P00582

Molecular Weight:

103117.145 Da