1,4-BENZOQUINONE
General Information
| Mainterm | 1,4-BENZOQUINONE |
| CAS Reg.No.(or other ID) | 106-51-4 |
| Regnum |
177.2420 |
From www.fda.gov
Computed Descriptors
Download SDF| 2D Structure | |
| CID | 4650 |
| IUPAC Name | cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C6H4O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H |
| InChI Key | AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Canonical SMILES | C1=CC(=O)C=CC1=O |
| Molecular Formula | C6H4O2 |
| Wikipedia | quinone |
From Pubchem
Computed Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 108.096 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Complexity | 149.0 |
| CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint | A A A D c Y B g M A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A g A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A G g A A A A A A C A S A g A A A A A A A A A C I A K B S A A A A A A A g A A A I C A A A A E g A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A I A Y I A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A = = |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 34.1 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 108.021 |
| Exact Mass | 108.021 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | True |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 8 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
From Pubchem
Food Additives Biosynthesis/Degradation
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Classification
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9611 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 0.9973 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.8423 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8285 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8618 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9656 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.8655 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.7591 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8224 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.9244 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7518 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9045 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9149 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9231 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9025 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9311 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.9133 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.8933 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9862 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.9132 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.7986 |
| Fish Toxicity | Low FHMT | 0.5852 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9442 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.8207 |
| Biodegradation | Ready biodegradable | 0.7273 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | II | 0.7537 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.6638 |
From admetSAR
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Regression
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -0.9279 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 1.7819 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 2.8887 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 1.3110 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | 0.6020 | pIGC50, ug/L |
From admetSAR
Toxicity Profile
| Route of Exposure | None |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Quinone is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen. |
| Metabolism | Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of OP exposure. |
| Toxicity Values | None |
| Lethal Dose | None |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. |
| Minimum Risk Level | None |
| Health Effects | Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides. |
| Treatment | If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally. |
| Reference |
|
From T3DB
Taxonomic Classification
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Organic oxygen compounds |
| Class | Organooxygen compounds |
| Subclass | Carbonyl compounds |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Ketones - Cyclic ketones - Quinones - Benzoquinones |
| Direct Parent | P-benzoquinones |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | P-benzoquinone - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-benzoquinones. These are benzoquinones where the two C=O groups are attached at the 1- and 4-positions, respectively. |
From ClassyFire
Targets
- General Function:
- Serine hydrolase activity
- Specific Function:
- Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
- Gene Name:
- ACHE
- Uniprot ID:
- P22303
- Molecular Weight:
- 67795.525 Da
References
- Wadkins RM, Hyatt JL, Wei X, Yoon KJ, Wierdl M, Edwards CC, Morton CL, Obenauer JC, Damodaran K, Beroza P, Danks MK, Potter PM: Identification and characterization of novel benzil (diphenylethane-1,2-dione) analogues as inhibitors of mammalian carboxylesterases. J Med Chem. 2005 Apr 21;48(8):2906-15. [15828829 ]
- General Function:
- Endopeptidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Thiol protease that cleaves IL-1 beta between an Asp and an Ala, releasing the mature cytokine which is involved in a variety of inflammatory processes. Important for defense against pathogens. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). Can also promote apoptosis.
- Gene Name:
- CASP1
- Uniprot ID:
- P29466
- Molecular Weight:
- 45158.215 Da
References
- Huang FC, Chan WK, Moriarty KJ, Zhang DC, Chang MN, He W, Yu KT, Zilberstein A: Novel cytokine release inhibitors. Part I: Triterpenes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Jul 21;8(14):1883-6. [9873452 ]
- General Function:
- Methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Shows high catalytic efficiency for hydrolysis of cocaine, 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, heroin and 6-monoacetylmorphine.
- Gene Name:
- CES2
- Uniprot ID:
- O00748
- Molecular Weight:
- 61806.41 Da
References
- Wadkins RM, Hyatt JL, Wei X, Yoon KJ, Wierdl M, Edwards CC, Morton CL, Obenauer JC, Damodaran K, Beroza P, Danks MK, Potter PM: Identification and characterization of novel benzil (diphenylethane-1,2-dione) analogues as inhibitors of mammalian carboxylesterases. J Med Chem. 2005 Apr 21;48(8):2906-15. [15828829 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Exhibits potent antiviral activity against vif-deficient HIV-1. After the penetration of retroviral nucleocapsids into target cells of infection and the initiation of reverse transcription, it can induce the conversion of cytosine to uracil in the minus-sense single-strand viral DNA, leading to G-to-A hypermutations in the subsequent plus-strand viral DNA. The resultant detrimental levels of mutations in the proviral genome, along with a deamination-independent mechanism that works prior to the proviral integration, together exert efficient antiretroviral effects in infected target cells. Selectively targets single-stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single-or double-stranded RNA. Exhibits antiviral activity also against simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), xenotropic MuLV-related virus (XMRV) and simian foamy virus (SFV). May inhibit the mobility of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons.
- Gene Name:
- APOBEC3G
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9HC16
- Molecular Weight:
- 46407.605 Da
References
- Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK: BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D198-201. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [17145705 ]
- General Function:
- Ubiquitin binding
- Specific Function:
- Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks. Essential during mitosis and meiosis for proper segregation of daughter chromosomes. May play a role in regulating the period length of ARNTL/BMAL1 transcriptional oscillation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- TOP2A
- Uniprot ID:
- P11388
- Molecular Weight:
- 174383.88 Da
References
- Gurbani D, Kukshal V, Laubenthal J, Kumar A, Pandey A, Tripathi S, Arora A, Jain SK, Ramachandran R, Anderson D, Dhawan A: Mechanism of inhibition of the ATPase domain of human topoisomerase IIalpha by 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and 9,10-phenanthroquinone. Toxicol Sci. 2012 Apr;126(2):372-90. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr345. Epub 2012 Jan 4. [22218491 ]
- General Function:
- Triglyceride lipase activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester. Hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine. Catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene. Displays fatty acid ethyl ester synthase activity, catalyzing the ethyl esterification of oleic acid to ethyloleate.
- Gene Name:
- CES1
- Uniprot ID:
- P23141
- Molecular Weight:
- 62520.62 Da
References
- Wadkins RM, Hyatt JL, Wei X, Yoon KJ, Wierdl M, Edwards CC, Morton CL, Obenauer JC, Damodaran K, Beroza P, Danks MK, Potter PM: Identification and characterization of novel benzil (diphenylethane-1,2-dione) analogues as inhibitors of mammalian carboxylesterases. J Med Chem. 2005 Apr 21;48(8):2906-15. [15828829 ]
- General Function:
- Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Tyrosine protein phosphatase which functions as a dosage-dependent inducer of mitotic progression. Required for G2/M phases of the cell cycle progression and abscission during cytokinesis in a ECT2-dependent manner. Directly dephosphorylates CDK1 and stimulates its kinase activity. The three isoforms seem to have a different level of activity.
- Gene Name:
- CDC25B
- Uniprot ID:
- P30305
- Molecular Weight:
- 64986.745 Da
References
- Cao S, Murphy BT, Foster C, Lazo JS, Kingston DG: Bioactivities of simplified adociaquinone B and naphthoquinone derivatives against Cdc25B, MKP-1, and MKP-3 phosphatases. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Mar 15;17(6):2276-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.090. Epub 2008 Nov 8. [19028102 ]
- General Function:
- Vascular endothelial growth factor-activated receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFC and VEGFD. Plays an essential role in the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular development, vascular permeability, and embryonic hematopoiesis. Promotes proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Isoforms lacking a transmembrane domain, such as isoform 2 and isoform 3, may function as decoy receptors for VEGFA, VEGFC and/or VEGFD. Isoform 2 plays an important role as negative regulator of VEGFA- and VEGFC-mediated lymphangiogenesis by limiting the amount of free VEGFA and/or VEGFC and preventing their binding to FLT4. Modulates FLT1 and FLT4 signaling by forming heterodimers. Binding of vascular growth factors to isoform 1 leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the activation of protein kinase C. Mediates activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of PTK2/FAK1. Required for VEGFA-mediated induction of NOS2 and NOS3, leading to the production of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. Phosphorylates PLCG1. Promotes phosphorylation of FYN, NCK1, NOS3, PIK3R1, PTK2/FAK1 and SRC.
- Gene Name:
- KDR
- Uniprot ID:
- P35968
- Molecular Weight:
- 151525.555 Da
References
- Wissner A, Floyd MB, Johnson BD, Fraser H, Ingalls C, Nittoli T, Dushin RG, Discafani C, Nilakantan R, Marini J, Ravi M, Cheung K, Tan X, Musto S, Annable T, Siegel MM, Loganzo F: 2-(Quinazolin-4-ylamino)-[1,4]benzoquinones as covalent-binding, irreversible inhibitors of the kinase domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. J Med Chem. 2005 Dec 1;48(24):7560-81. [16302797 ]
- Specific Function:
- Keratin-binding protein required for epithelial cell polarization. Involved in apical junction complex (AJC) assembly via its interaction with PARD3. Required for ciliogenesis.
- Gene Name:
- FBF1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TES7
- Molecular Weight:
- 125445.19 Da
References
- Lin YS, Vermeulen R, Tsai CH, Waidyanatha S, Lan Q, Rothman N, Smith MT, Zhang L, Shen M, Li G, Yin S, Kim S, Rappaport SM: Albumin adducts of electrophilic benzene metabolites in benzene-exposed and control workers. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan;115(1):28-34. [17366815 ]
From T3DB