L-GLUTAMIC ACID
Relevant Data
Food Additives Approved by WHO:
Food Additives Approved by European Union:
General Information
| Mainterm | L-GLUTAMIC ACID |
| Doc Type | ASP |
| CAS Reg.No.(or other ID) | 56-86-0 |
| Regnum |
172.320 182.1045 |
From www.fda.gov
Computed Descriptors
Download SDF| 2D Structure | |
| CID | 33032 |
| IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 |
| InChI Key | WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N |
| Canonical SMILES | C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)O)N |
| Molecular Formula | C5H9NO4 |
| Wikipedia | glutamic acid hydrochloride |
From Pubchem
Computed Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 147.13 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 3 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 5 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 4 |
| Complexity | 145.0 |
| CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint | A A A D c c B i O A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A H g A Q C A A A C C j B g A Q A C A B A A g A I A A C Q C A A A A A A A A A A A A I G A A A A C A B I A g A A A Q A A E E A A A A A C s J g A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A = = |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 101.0 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 147.053 |
| Exact Mass | 147.053 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | True |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 10 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 1 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
From Pubchem
Food Additives Biosynthesis/Degradation
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Classification
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.6942 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA- | 0.6118 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2- | 0.8531 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7026 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9815 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9899 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.9437 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.4836 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8516 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8559 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7550 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9045 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9724 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9583 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9729 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9306 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.9966 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.9761 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9798 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.9132 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.9232 |
| Fish Toxicity | Low FHMT | 0.6253 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | Low TPT | 0.9943 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | Low HBT | 0.6899 |
| Biodegradation | Ready biodegradable | 0.9051 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | IV | 0.6349 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.7171 |
From admetSAR
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Regression
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -0.4672 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | -0.4186 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 0.7222 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 2.5600 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | -0.9072 | pIGC50, ug/L |
From admetSAR
Toxicity Profile
| Route of Exposure | Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes.Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Glutamate activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The ionotropic ones being non-NMDA (AMPA and kainate) and NMDA receptors. Free glutamic acid cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in appreciable quantities; instead it is converted into L-glutamine, which the brain uses for fuel and protein synthesis. It is conjectured that glutamate is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain, though excessive amounts may cause neuronal damage associated in diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. Also, the drug phencyclidine (more commonly known as PCP) antagonizes glutamate at the NMDA receptor, causing behavior reminiscent of schizophrenia. Glutamate in action is extremely difficult to study due to its transient nature. |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Toxicity Values | None |
| Lethal Dose | None |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Minimum Risk Level | None |
| Health Effects | None |
| Treatment | None |
| Reference |
|
From T3DB
Taxonomic Classification
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Organic acids and derivatives |
| Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
| Subclass | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Amino acids and derivatives - Alpha amino acids and derivatives |
| Direct Parent | Glutamic acid and derivatives |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Glutamic acid or derivatives - Alpha-amino acid - L-alpha-amino acid - Amino fatty acid - Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives - Fatty acid - Fatty acyl - Amino acid - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxide - Primary amine - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Primary aliphatic amine - Organopnictogen compound - Carbonyl group - Organic oxygen compound - Amine - Organic nitrogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Aliphatic acyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. These are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. |
From ClassyFire
Targets
- General Function:
- Pdz domain binding
- Specific Function:
- Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. In the presence of CACNG4 or CACNG7 or CACNG8, shows resensitization which is characterized by a delayed accumulation of current flux upon continued application of glutamate.
- Gene Name:
- GRIA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P42261
- Molecular Weight:
- 101505.245 Da
References
- Jane DE, Hoo K, Kamboj R, Deverill M, Bleakman D, Mandelzys A: Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes. J Med Chem. 1997 Oct 24;40(22):3645-50. [9357531 ]
- General Function:
- Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. In the presence of CACNG4 or CACNG7 or CACNG8, shows resensitization which is characterized by a delayed accumulation of current flux upon continued application of glutamate.
- Gene Name:
- GRIA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P42262
- Molecular Weight:
- 98820.32 Da
References
- Jane DE, Hoo K, Kamboj R, Deverill M, Bleakman D, Mandelzys A: Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes. J Med Chem. 1997 Oct 24;40(22):3645-50. [9357531 ]
- General Function:
- Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. In the presence of CACNG4 or CACNG7 or CACNG8, shows resensitization which is characterized by a delayed accumulation of current flux upon continued application of glutamate.
- Gene Name:
- GRIA4
- Uniprot ID:
- P48058
- Molecular Weight:
- 100870.085 Da
References
- Jane DE, Hoo K, Kamboj R, Deverill M, Bleakman D, Mandelzys A: Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes. J Med Chem. 1997 Oct 24;40(22):3645-50. [9357531 ]
- General Function:
- Tetrahydrofolyl-poly(glutamate) polymer binding
- Specific Function:
- Has both folate hydrolase and N-acetylated-alpha-linked-acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) activity. Has a preference for tri-alpha-glutamate peptides. In the intestine, required for the uptake of folate. In the brain, modulates excitatory neurotransmission through the hydrolysis of the neuropeptide, N-aceylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), thereby releasing glutamate. Isoform PSM-4 and isoform PSM-5 would appear to be physiologically irrelevant. Involved in prostate tumor progression.Also exhibits a dipeptidyl-peptidase IV type activity. In vitro, cleaves Gly-Pro-AMC.
- Gene Name:
- FOLH1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q04609
- Molecular Weight:
- 84330.015 Da
References
- Barinka C, Rovenska M, Mlcochova P, Hlouchova K, Plechanovova A, Majer P, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS, Konvalinka J, Lubkowski J: Structural insight into the pharmacophore pocket of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II. J Med Chem. 2007 Jul 12;50(14):3267-73. Epub 2007 Jun 14. [17567119 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated cation channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. May be involved in the transmission of light information from the retina to the hypothalamus.
- Gene Name:
- GRIK1
- Uniprot ID:
- P39086
- Molecular Weight:
- 103979.665 Da
References
- Baker SR, Bleakman D, Ezquerra J, Ballyk BA, Deverill M, Ho K, Kamboj RK, Collado I, Dominguez C, Escribano A, Mateo AI, Pedregal C, Rubio A: 4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000 Aug 21;10(16):1807-10. [10969973 ]
- General Function:
- Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. This receptor binds domoate > kainate >> L-glutamate = quisqualate >> AMPA = NMDA.
- Gene Name:
- GRIK3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13003
- Molecular Weight:
- 104036.06 Da
References
- Baker SR, Bleakman D, Ezquerra J, Ballyk BA, Deverill M, Ho K, Kamboj RK, Collado I, Dominguez C, Escribano A, Mateo AI, Pedregal C, Rubio A: 4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000 Aug 21;10(16):1807-10. [10969973 ]
- General Function:
- Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. This receptor binds kainate > quisqualate > domoate > L-glutamate >> AMPA >> NMDA = 1S,3R-ACPD.
- Gene Name:
- GRIK5
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16478
- Molecular Weight:
- 109263.695 Da
References
- Jane DE, Hoo K, Kamboj R, Deverill M, Bleakman D, Mandelzys A: Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes. J Med Chem. 1997 Oct 24;40(22):3645-50. [9357531 ]
- General Function:
- Glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. May participate in the central action of glutamate in the CNS, such as long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and long-term depression in the cerebellum.
- Gene Name:
- GRM1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13255
- Molecular Weight:
- 132355.855 Da
References
- Filosa R, Carmela Fulco M, Marinozzi M, Giacche N, Macchiarulo A, Peduto A, Massa A, de Caprariis P, Thomsen C, Christoffersen CT, Pellicciari R: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-based omega-acidic amino acids as glutamate receptors ligands. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Jan 1;17(1):242-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.015. Epub 2008 Nov 14. [19042134 ]
- General Function:
- Atp binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the cleavage of 5-oxo-L-proline to form L-glutamate coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- Gene Name:
- OPLAH
- Uniprot ID:
- O14841
- Molecular Weight:
- 137456.195 Da
References
- Seddon AP, Li LY, Meister A: Resolution of 5-oxo-L-prolinase into a 5-oxo-L-proline-dependent ATPase and a coupling protein. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jul 10;259(13):8091-4. [6145710 ]
- General Function:
- Saccharopine dehydrogenase (nadp+, l-lysine-forming) activity
- Specific Function:
- Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in lysine degradation. The N-terminal and the C-terminal contain lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, respectively.
- Gene Name:
- AASS
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UDR5
- Molecular Weight:
- 102130.895 Da
References
- Noda C, Ichihara A: Purification and properties of L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Aug 7;525(2):307-13. [687635 ]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Bifunctional enzyme that converts glutamate to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of proline, ornithine and arginine.
- Gene Name:
- ALDH18A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P54886
- Molecular Weight:
- 87301.53 Da
References
- Kamoun P, Aral B, Saudubray JM: [A new inherited metabolic disease: delta1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthetase deficiency]. Bull Acad Natl Med. 1998;182(1):131-7; discussion 138-9. [9622938 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium.
- Gene Name:
- SLC1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P43004
- Molecular Weight:
- 62103.665 Da
References
- Sagot E, Jensen AA, Pickering DS, Pu X, Umberti M, Stensbol TB, Nielsen B, Assaf Z, Aboab B, Bolte J, Gefflaut T, Bunch L: Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of (2S,4R)-2-amino-4-(3-(2,2-diphenylethylamino)-3-oxopropyl)pentanedioic acid: a novel selective inhibitor of human excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 2. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 24;51(14):4085-92. doi: 10.1021/jm800091e. Epub 2008 Jun 25. [18578477 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Transports L-glutamate, L- and D-aspartate and L-cystein (PubMed:21123949). Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium. Negatively regulated by ARL6IP5 (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SLC1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P43005
- Molecular Weight:
- 57099.835 Da
References
- Sagot E, Jensen AA, Pickering DS, Pu X, Umberti M, Stensbol TB, Nielsen B, Assaf Z, Aboab B, Bolte J, Gefflaut T, Bunch L: Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of (2S,4R)-2-amino-4-(3-(2,2-diphenylethylamino)-3-oxopropyl)pentanedioic acid: a novel selective inhibitor of human excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 2. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 24;51(14):4085-92. doi: 10.1021/jm800091e. Epub 2008 Jun 25. [18578477 ]
- General Function:
- Pyrophosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides which are not only essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, but also provide GTP, which is involved in a number of cellular processes important for cell division.
- Gene Name:
- GMPS
- Uniprot ID:
- P49915
- Molecular Weight:
- 76714.79 Da
References
- Boehlein SK, Richards NG, Schuster SM: Glutamine-dependent nitrogen transfer in Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Searching for the catalytic triad. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 11;269(10):7450-7. [7907328 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the production of GABA.
- Gene Name:
- GAD1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99259
- Molecular Weight:
- 66896.065 Da
References
- Tronci E, Simola N, Borsini F, Schintu N, Frau L, Carminati P, Morelli M: Characterization of the antiparkinsonian effects of the new adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ST1535: acute and subchronic studies in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 2;566(1-3):94-102. Epub 2007 Mar 24. [17445798 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the production of GABA.
- Gene Name:
- GAD2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q05329
- Molecular Weight:
- 65410.77 Da
References
- Castelli MP, Piras AP, Melis T, Succu S, Sanna F, Melis MR, Collu S, Ennas MG, Diaz G, Mackie K, Argiolas A: Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus and central control of penile erection: immunocytochemistry, autoradiography and behavioral studies. Neuroscience. 2007 Jun 15;147(1):197-206. Epub 2007 May 15. [17507169 ]
- General Function:
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2D
- Uniprot ID:
- O15399
- Molecular Weight:
- 143750.685 Da
References
- Sundstrom E, Whittemore S, Mo LL, Seiger A: Analysis of NMDA receptors in the human spinal cord. Exp Neurol. 1997 Dec;148(2):407-13. [9417820 ]
- General Function:
- Glutaminase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the first reaction in the primary pathway for the renal catabolism of glutamine. Plays a role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis. Regulates the levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. Isoform 2 lacks catalytic activity.
- Gene Name:
- GLS
- Uniprot ID:
- O94925
- Molecular Weight:
- 73460.56 Da
References
- Ashiuchi M, Nakamura H, Yamamoto M, Misono H: Novel poly-gamma-glutamate-processing enzyme catalyzing gamma-glutamyl DD-amidohydrolysis. J Biosci Bioeng. 2006 Jul;102(1):60-5. [16952838 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Appears to have a role in the catabolic pathway of the renin-angiotensin system. Probably plays a role in regulating growth and differentiation of early B-lineage cells.
- Gene Name:
- ENPEP
- Uniprot ID:
- Q07075
- Molecular Weight:
- 109243.58 Da
References
- Sasaki M, Bosman BW, Tan PS: Comparison of proteolytic activities in various lactobacilli. J Dairy Res. 1995 Nov;62(4):601-10. [8568030 ]
- General Function:
- Group iii metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
- Gene Name:
- GRM4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14833
- Molecular Weight:
- 101866.835 Da
References
- Filosa R, Carmela Fulco M, Marinozzi M, Giacche N, Macchiarulo A, Peduto A, Massa A, de Caprariis P, Thomsen C, Christoffersen CT, Pellicciari R: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-based omega-acidic amino acids as glutamate receptors ligands. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Jan 1;17(1):242-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.015. Epub 2008 Nov 14. [19042134 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). Plays a key role in amino acid metabolism. Important for metabolite exchange between mitochondria and cytosol. Facilitates cellular uptake of long-chain free fatty acids.
- Gene Name:
- GOT2
- Uniprot ID:
- P00505
- Molecular Weight:
- 47517.285 Da
References
- Recasens M, Mandel P: Similarities between cysteinesulphinate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase. Ciba Found Symp. 1979;(72):259-70. [261660 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium.
- Gene Name:
- SLC1A3
- Uniprot ID:
- P43003
- Molecular Weight:
- 59571.855 Da
References
- Sagot E, Jensen AA, Pickering DS, Pu X, Umberti M, Stensbol TB, Nielsen B, Assaf Z, Aboab B, Bolte J, Gefflaut T, Bunch L: Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of (2S,4R)-2-amino-4-(3-(2,2-diphenylethylamino)-3-oxopropyl)pentanedioic acid: a novel selective inhibitor of human excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 2. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 24;51(14):4085-92. doi: 10.1021/jm800091e. Epub 2008 Jun 25. [18578477 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Seems to act as a symport by cotransporting sodium.
- Gene Name:
- SLC1A6
- Uniprot ID:
- P48664
- Molecular Weight:
- 61564.875 Da
References
- Lin CL, Tzingounis AV, Jin L, Furuta A, Kavanaugh MP, Rothstein JD: Molecular cloning and expression of the rat EAAT4 glutamate transporter subtype. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998 Dec 10;63(1):174-9. [9838098 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Transports L-glutamate; the L-glutamate uptake is sodium- and voltage-dependent and chloride-independent. Its associated chloride conductance may participate in visual processing.
- Gene Name:
- SLC1A7
- Uniprot ID:
- O00341
- Molecular Weight:
- 60657.825 Da
References
- Arriza JL, Eliasof S, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG: Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):4155-60. [9108121 ]
- General Function:
- Group ii metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. May mediate suppression of neurotransmission or may be involved in synaptogenesis or synaptic stabilization.
- Gene Name:
- GRM2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14416
- Molecular Weight:
- 95566.715 Da
References
- Filosa R, Carmela Fulco M, Marinozzi M, Giacche N, Macchiarulo A, Peduto A, Massa A, de Caprariis P, Thomsen C, Christoffersen CT, Pellicciari R: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-based omega-acidic amino acids as glutamate receptors ligands. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Jan 1;17(1):242-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.015. Epub 2008 Nov 14. [19042134 ]
- General Function:
- Group iii metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
- Gene Name:
- GRM8
- Uniprot ID:
- O00222
- Molecular Weight:
- 101739.575 Da
References
- Brauner-Osborne H, Egebjerg J, Nielsen EO, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects. J Med Chem. 2000 Jul 13;43(14):2609-45. [10893301 ]
- General Function:
- O-phospho-l-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
- Gene Name:
- PSAT1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y617
- Molecular Weight:
- 40422.355 Da
References
- Katsura Y, Shirouzu M, Yamaguchi H, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Kuramitsu S, Hayashi H, Yokoyama S: Crystal structure of a putative aspartate aminotransferase belonging to subgroup IV. Proteins. 2004 May 15;55(3):487-92. [15103612 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Aminopeptidase with specificity towards an acidic amino acid at the N-terminus. Likely to play an important role in intracellular protein and peptide metabolism.
- Gene Name:
- DNPEP
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9ULA0
- Molecular Weight:
- 52427.87 Da
References
- Watanabe J, Tanaka H, Akagawa T, Mogi Y, Yamazaki T: Characterization of Aspergillus oryzae aspartyl aminopeptidase expressed in Escherichia coli. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Oct;71(10):2557-60. Epub 2007 Oct 7. [17928682 ]
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- Carboxypeptidase that may play an important role in the hydrolysis of circulating peptides. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dipeptides with unsubstituted terminals into amino acids. May play a role in the liberation of thyroxine hormone from its thyroglobulin (Tg) precursor.
- Gene Name:
- CPQ
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y646
- Molecular Weight:
- 51887.185 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [10592235 ]
- General Function:
- Microtubule binding
- Specific Function:
- Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin filaments originating from the Golgi.
- Gene Name:
- FTCD
- Uniprot ID:
- O95954
- Molecular Weight:
- 58925.93 Da
References
- Gao YS, Alvarez C, Nelson DS, Sztul E: Molecular cloning, characterization, and dynamics of rat formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase, a Golgi-associated 58-kDa protein. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 11;273(50):33825-34. [9837973 ]
- General Function:
- Nad+ binding
- Specific Function:
- Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase that converts L-glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate. Plays a key role in glutamine anaplerosis by producing alpha-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. May be involved in learning and memory reactions by increasing the turnover of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GLUD1
- Uniprot ID:
- P00367
- Molecular Weight:
- 61397.315 Da
References
- Anagnou NP, Seuanez H, Modi W, O'Brien SJ, Papamatheakis J, Moschonas NK: Chromosomal mapping of two members of the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) gene family to chromosomes 10q22.3-q23 and Xq22-q23. Hum Hered. 1993 Nov-Dec;43(6):351-6. [8288265 ]
- General Function:
- Extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. In the presence of CACNG4 or CACNG7 or CACNG8, shows resensitization which is characterized by a delayed accumulation of current flux upon continued application of glutamate.
- Gene Name:
- GRIA3
- Uniprot ID:
- P42263
- Molecular Weight:
- 101155.975 Da
References
- Henley JM, Jenkins R, Hunt SP: Localisation of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jan;32(1):37-41. [7679210 ]
- General Function:
- Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists.
- Gene Name:
- GRIK4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16099
- Molecular Weight:
- 107244.485 Da
References
- Korczak B, Nutt SL, Fletcher EJ, Hoo KH, Elliott CE, Rampersad V, McWhinnie EA, Kamboj RK: cDNA cloning and functional properties of human glutamate receptor EAA3 (GluR5) in homomeric and heteromeric configuration. Receptors Channels. 1995;3(1):41-9. [8589992 ]
- General Function:
- Glutaminase activity
- Specific Function:
- Plays an important role in the regulation of glutamine catabolism. Promotes mitochondrial respiration and increases ATP generation in cells by catalyzing the synthesis of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate. Increases cellular anti-oxidant function via NADH and glutathione production. May play a role in preventing tumor proliferation.
- Gene Name:
- GLS2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UI32
- Molecular Weight:
- 66322.225 Da
References
- Yoshimune K, Shirakihara Y, Shiratori A, Wakayama M, Chantawannakul P, Moriguchi M: Crystal structure of a major fragment of the salt-tolerant glutaminase from Micrococcus luteus K-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Aug 11;346(4):1118-24. Epub 2006 Jun 6. [16793004 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Transaminase with broad substrate specificity. Has transaminase activity towards aminoadipate, kynurenine, methionine and glutamate. Shows activity also towards tryptophan, aspartate and hydroxykynurenine. Accepts a variety of oxo-acids as amino-group acceptors, with a preference for 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxocaproic acid, phenylpyruvate and alpha-oxo-gamma-methiol butyric acid. Can also use glyoxylate as amino-group acceptor (in vitro).
- Gene Name:
- AADAT
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8N5Z0
- Molecular Weight:
- 47351.17 Da
References
- Kocki T, Luchowski P, Luchowska E, Wielosz M, Turski WA, Urbanska EM: L-cysteine sulphinate, endogenous sulphur-containing amino acid, inhibits rat brain kynurenic acid production via selective interference with kynurenine aminotransferase II. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jul 31;346(1-2):97-100. [12850557 ]
- General Function:
- Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and glutamate (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PFAS
- Uniprot ID:
- O15067
- Molecular Weight:
- 144733.165 Da
References
- Jayaram HN, Lui MS, Plowman J, Pillwein K, Reardon MA, Elliott WL, Weber G: Oncolytic activity and mechanism of action of a novel L-cysteine derivative, L-cysteine, ethyl ester, S-(N-methylcarbamate) monohydrochloride. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26(2):88-92. [2347042 ]
- General Function:
- Tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate synthase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis. Unsubstituted reduced folates are the preferred substrates. Metabolizes methotrexate (MTX) to polyglutamates.
- Gene Name:
- FPGS
- Uniprot ID:
- Q05932
- Molecular Weight:
- 64608.53 Da
References
- Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL: Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Dec 15;14(24):8590-8. Epub 2006 Sep 20. [16990006 ]
- General Function:
- Leucine binding
- Specific Function:
- Important for recycling the chief excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, during neurotransmission.
- Gene Name:
- GLUD2
- Uniprot ID:
- P49448
- Molecular Weight:
- 61433.465 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. In concert with DAPK1 at extrasynaptic sites, acts as a central mediator for stroke damage. Its phosphorylation at Ser-1303 by DAPK1 enhances synaptic NMDA receptor channel activity inducing injurious Ca2+ influx through them, resulting in an irreversible neuronal death (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13224
- Molecular Weight:
- 166365.885 Da
References
- Verkhratsky A, Kirchhoff F: NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 2007 Feb;13(1):28-37. [17229973 ]
- General Function:
- Protein phosphatase 2a binding
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May play a role in the development of dendritic spines. May play a role in PPP2CB-NMDAR mediated signaling mechanism (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIN3A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TCU5
- Molecular Weight:
- 125464.07 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists.
- Gene Name:
- GRID1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9ULK0
- Molecular Weight:
- 112129.96 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Scaffold protein binding
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists.
- Gene Name:
- GRID2
- Uniprot ID:
- O43424
- Molecular Weight:
- 113355.16 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. May be involved in the transmission of light information from the retina to the hypothalamus. Modulates cell surface expression of NETO2 (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIK2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13002
- Molecular Weight:
- 102582.475 Da
References
- Baker SR, Bleakman D, Ezquerra J, Ballyk BA, Deverill M, Ho K, Kamboj RK, Collado I, Dominguez C, Escribano A, Mateo AI, Pedregal C, Rubio A: 4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000 Aug 21;10(16):1807-10. [10969973 ]
- General Function:
- Translation factor activity, rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
- Gene Name:
- GATB
- Uniprot ID:
- O75879
- Molecular Weight:
- 61863.57 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). May catalyze the beta-elimination of S-conjugates and Se-conjugates of L-(seleno)cysteine, resulting in the cleavage of the C-S or C-Se bond (By similarity). Has transaminase activity towards L-kynurenine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, serine, cysteine, methionine, histidine, glutamine and asparagine with glyoxylate as an amino group acceptor (in vitro). Has lower activity with 2-oxoglutarate as amino group acceptor (in vitro) (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CCBL2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6YP21
- Molecular Weight:
- 51399.855 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Glutamate-ammonia ligase activity
- Specific Function:
- May act as a component of the cytoskeleton or as a chaperone for the reorganization of intermediate filament proteins during terminal differentiation in the lens. Does not seem to have enzymatic activity (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- LGSN
- Uniprot ID:
- Q5TDP6
- Molecular Weight:
- 57277.46 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity (By similarity). Signaling stimulates TRPM1 channel activity and Ca(2+) uptake. Required for normal vision.
- Gene Name:
- GRM6
- Uniprot ID:
- O15303
- Molecular Weight:
- 95466.77 Da
References
- Brauner-Osborne H, Egebjerg J, Nielsen EO, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects. J Med Chem. 2000 Jul 13;43(14):2609-45. [10893301 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
- Gene Name:
- GRM7
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14831
- Molecular Weight:
- 102250.06 Da
References
- Brauner-Osborne H, Egebjerg J, Nielsen EO, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects. J Med Chem. 2000 Jul 13;43(14):2609-45. [10893301 ]
- General Function:
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the transport of glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Glutamate is cotransported with H(+).
- Gene Name:
- SLC25A22
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9H936
- Molecular Weight:
- 34469.85 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in the transport of glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Glutamate is cotransported with H(+).
- Gene Name:
- SLC25A18
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9H1K4
- Molecular Weight:
- 33848.44 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamate residues to calcium-binding gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues with the concomitant conversion of the reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K to vitamin K epoxide.
- Gene Name:
- GGCX
- Uniprot ID:
- P38435
- Molecular Weight:
- 87560.065 Da
References
- Lal S, Jada SR, Xiang X, Lim WT, Lee EJ, Chowbay B: Pharmacogenetics of target genes across the warfarin pharmacological pathway. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(12):1189-200. [17112295 ]
- General Function:
- G-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Possible role in reproduction.
- Gene Name:
- ADORA3
- Uniprot ID:
- P0DMS8
- Molecular Weight:
- 36184.175 Da
References
- Minetti P, Tinti MO, Carminati P, Castorina M, Di Cesare MA, Di Serio S, Gallo G, Ghirardi O, Giorgi F, Giorgi L, Piersanti G, Bartoccini F, Tarzia G: 2-n-Butyl-9-methyl-8-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-9H-purin-6-ylamine and analogues as A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization. J Med Chem. 2005 Nov 3;48(22):6887-96. [16250647 ]
- General Function:
- Cystine:glutamate antiporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Sodium-independent, high-affinity exchange of anionic amino acids with high specificity for anionic form of cystine and glutamate.
- Gene Name:
- SLC7A11
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UPY5
- Molecular Weight:
- 55422.44 Da
References
- Natale NR, Magnusson KR, Nelson JK: Can selective ligands for glutamate binding proteins be rationally designed? Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(8):823-47. [16719820 ]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated cation channel activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptors (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRIN1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q05586
- Molecular Weight:
- 105371.945 Da
References
- Miglio G, Dianzani C, Fallarini S, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G: Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulates Jurkat T cell growth and adhesion to fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 21;361(2):404-9. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [17662248 ]
- General Function:
- Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding
- Gene Name:
- GCLM
- Uniprot ID:
- P48507
- Molecular Weight:
- 30726.745 Da
References
- Giordano G, White CC, McConnachie LA, Fernandez C, Kavanagh TJ, Costa LG: Neurotoxicity of domoic Acid in cerebellar granule neurons in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;70(6):2116-26. Epub 2006 Sep 25. [17000861 ]
- General Function:
- Group ii metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
- Gene Name:
- GRM3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14832
- Molecular Weight:
- 98878.05 Da
References
- Brauner-Osborne H, Egebjerg J, Nielsen EO, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects. J Med Chem. 2000 Jul 13;43(14):2609-45. [10893301 ]
- General Function:
- Arginine binding
- Specific Function:
- Plays a role in the regulation of ureagenesis by producing the essential cofactor N-acetylglutamate (NAG), thus modulating carbamoylphosphate synthase I (CPSI) activity.
- Gene Name:
- NAGS
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8N159
- Molecular Weight:
- 58155.835 Da
References
- Xu Y, Labedan B, Glansdorff N: Surprising arginine biosynthesis: a reappraisal of the enzymology and evolution of the pathway in microorganisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007 Mar;71(1):36-47. [17347518 ]
- General Function:
- Trna binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
- Gene Name:
- EARS2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q5JPH6
- Molecular Weight:
- 58688.1 Da
References
- Sekine S, Shichiri M, Bernier S, Chenevert R, Lapointe J, Yokoyama S: Structural bases of transfer RNA-dependent amino acid recognition and activation by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. Structure. 2006 Dec;14(12):1791-9. [17161369 ]
- General Function:
- Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine.
- Gene Name:
- ABAT
- Uniprot ID:
- P80404
- Molecular Weight:
- 56438.405 Da
References
- Far SR, Millimoria FR: Levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), gamma amino butyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GLDH) and proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of certain neurological disorders. Indian J Med Sci. 1996 Apr;50(4):99-102. [8979623 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of subunits.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q12879
- Molecular Weight:
- 165281.215 Da
References
- Rutter AR, Stephenson FA: Coexpression of postsynaptic density-95 protein with NMDA receptors results in enhanced receptor expression together with a decreased sensitivity to L-glutamate. J Neurochem. 2000 Dec;75(6):2501-10. [11080203 ]
- General Function:
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN2C
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14957
- Molecular Weight:
- 134207.77 Da
References
- Olmos G, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Paz Regalado M, Gasull T, Assumpcio Boronat M, Trullas R, Villarroel A, Lerma J, Garcia-Sevilla JA: Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;127(6):1317-26. [10455281 ]
- General Function:
- Rna stem-loop binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the attachment of the cognate amino acid to the corresponding tRNA in a two-step reaction: the amino acid is first activated by ATP to form a covalent intermediate with AMP and is then transferred to the acceptor end of the cognate tRNA. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation and subsequent phosphorylation dissociates from the multisynthetase complex and assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation.
- Gene Name:
- EPRS
- Uniprot ID:
- P07814
- Molecular Weight:
- 170589.705 Da
References
- Ting SM, Dignam JD: Post-transcriptional regulation of glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase in rat salivary gland. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 25;269(12):8993-8. [8132637 ]
- General Function:
- Manganese ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
- Gene Name:
- GLUL
- Uniprot ID:
- P15104
- Molecular Weight:
- 42064.15 Da
References
- Scaraffia PY, Zhang Q, Wysocki VH, Isoe J, Wells MA: Analysis of whole body ammonia metabolism in Aedes aegypti using [15N]-labeled compounds and mass spectrometry. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;36(8):614-22. Epub 2006 May 19. [16876704 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate.
- Gene Name:
- GPT2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TD30
- Molecular Weight:
- 57903.11 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- L-valine transaminase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May also function as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids.
- Gene Name:
- BCAT2
- Uniprot ID:
- O15382
- Molecular Weight:
- 44287.445 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name:
- GRIN3B
- Uniprot ID:
- O60391
- Molecular Weight:
- 112990.98 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Participates in cellular nitrogen metabolism and also in liver gluconeogenesis starting with precursors transported from skeletal muscles (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GPT
- Uniprot ID:
- P24298
- Molecular Weight:
- 54636.415 Da
References
- Ohgami N, Upadhyay S, Kabata A, Morimoto K, Kusakabe H, Suzuki H: Determination of the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in a microfluidic system. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007 Feb 15;22(7):1330-6. Epub 2006 Jul 18. [16854580 ]
- General Function:
- Oxidative rna demethylase activity
- Specific Function:
- Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA by oxidative demethylation. Has highest activity towards single-stranded RNA containing 3-methyluracil, followed by single-stranded DNA containing 3-methylthymine. Has low demethylase activity towards single-stranded DNA containing 1-methyladenine or 3-methylcytosine (PubMed:18775698, PubMed:20376003). Specifically demethylates N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes (PubMed:22002720, PubMed:26458103). Has no activity towards 1-methylguanine. Has no detectable activity towards double-stranded DNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron. Contributes to the regulation of the global metabolic rate, energy expenditure and energy homeostasis. Contributes to the regulation of body size and body fat accumulation (PubMed:18775698, PubMed:20376003).
- Gene Name:
- FTO
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9C0B1
- Molecular Weight:
- 58281.53 Da
References
- Aik W, Demetriades M, Hamdan MK, Bagg EA, Yeoh KK, Lejeune C, Zhang Z, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ: Structural basis for inhibition of the fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO). J Med Chem. 2013 May 9;56(9):3680-8. doi: 10.1021/jm400193d. Epub 2013 Apr 23. [23547775 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Biosynthesis of L-glutamate from L-aspartate or L-cysteine. Important regulator of levels of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system. Acts as a scavenger of glutamate in brain neuroprotection. The aspartate aminotransferase activity is involved in hepatic glucose synthesis during development and in adipocyte glyceroneogenesis. Using L-cysteine as substrate, regulates levels of mercaptopyruvate, an important source of hydrogen sulfide. Mercaptopyruvate is converted into H(2)S via the action of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). Hydrogen sulfide is an important synaptic modulator and neuroprotectant in the brain.
- Gene Name:
- GOT1
- Uniprot ID:
- P17174
- Molecular Weight:
- 46247.14 Da
References
- Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Melo TM, Nissim I, Sonnewald U, Nissim I: The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:415-30. [17444813 ]
- General Function:
- L-valine transaminase activity
- Specific Function:
- Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
- Gene Name:
- BCAT1
- Uniprot ID:
- P54687
- Molecular Weight:
- 42965.815 Da
References
- Smirnov SV, Samsonova NN, Novikova AE, Matrosov NG, Rushkevich NY, Kodera T, Ogawa J, Yamanaka H, Shimizu S: A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine: identification of an enzyme possessing HMKP (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-keto-pentanoate) aldolase activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Aug;273(1):70-7. Epub 2007 Jun 6. [17559390 ]
- General Function:
- Nadp binding
- Specific Function:
- Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
- Gene Name:
- GSR
- Uniprot ID:
- P00390
- Molecular Weight:
- 56256.565 Da
References
- Cakmak R, Durdagi S, Ekinci D, Senturk M, Topal G: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel nitroaromatic compounds as potent glutathione reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Sep 15;21(18):5398-402. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.002. Epub 2011 Jul 13. [21795044 ]
- General Function:
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function:
- Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has much lower affinity and transaminase activity towards phenylalanine.
- Gene Name:
- TAT
- Uniprot ID:
- P17735
- Molecular Weight:
- 50398.895 Da
References
- Ozturk M, Chiu CY, Akdeniz N, Jenq SF, Chang SC, Hsa CY, Jap TS: Two novel mutations in the MEN1 gene in subjects with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jun;29(6):523-7. [16840830 ]
From T3DB