HEXANAL
Relevant Data
Food Additives Approved by WHO:
Flavouring Substances Approved by European Union:
General Information
| Mainterm | HEXANAL |
| Doc Type | ASP |
| CAS Reg.No.(or other ID) | 66-25-1 |
| Regnum |
172.515 |
From www.fda.gov
Computed Descriptors
Download SDF| 2D Structure | |
| CID | 6184 |
| IUPAC Name | hexanal |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C6H12O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h6H,2-5H2,1H3 |
| InChI Key | JARKCYVAAOWBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Canonical SMILES | CCCCCC=O |
| Molecular Formula | C6H12O |
| Wikipedia | hexanal |
From Pubchem
Computed Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 100.161 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 1 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 4 |
| Complexity | 41.4 |
| CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint | A A A D c c B g I A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A G g A A A A A A C A C g g A I C A A A A A A A I A A g Q g A A A A A A A A A A A A A E A A A A A A B I A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A E I C A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A = = |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 17.1 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 100.089 |
| Exact Mass | 100.089 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | True |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 7 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
From Pubchem
Food Additives Biosynthesis/Degradation
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Classification
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.9886 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 0.9945 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.8535 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6530 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8996 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9489 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.8984 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondria | 0.3488 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8068 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8607 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7224 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Inhibitor | 0.7073 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9407 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9600 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9544 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9882 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.8874 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.8603 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.8629 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.9807 |
| Carcinogens | Carcinogens | 0.5980 |
| Fish Toxicity | High FHMT | 0.7424 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | High TPT | 0.9404 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.6951 |
| Biodegradation | Ready biodegradable | 0.7723 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | III | 0.8676 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.7099 |
From admetSAR
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Regression
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -1.3628 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 1.5061 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 1.4364 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 1.0542 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | -0.0449 | pIGC50, ug/L |
From admetSAR
Toxicity Profile
| Route of Exposure | Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact) |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Uremic toxins such as hexanal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) . Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species . |
| Metabolism | Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. |
| Toxicity Values | None |
| Lethal Dose | None |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Minimum Risk Level | None |
| Health Effects | Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. |
| Treatment | Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. |
| Reference |
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From T3DB
Taxonomic Classification
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Organic oxygen compounds |
| Class | Organooxygen compounds |
| Subclass | Carbonyl compounds |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Aldehydes |
| Direct Parent | Medium-chain aldehydes |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Medium-chain aldehyde - Alpha-hydrogen aldehyde - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Aliphatic acyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. |
From ClassyFire
Targets
- General Function:
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity
- Specific Function:
- Oxidizes medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. Metabolizes also benzaldehyde. Low activity towards acetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. May not metabolize short chain aldehydes. May use both NADP(+) and NAD(+) as cofactors. May have a protective role against the cytotoxicity induced by lipid peroxidation.
- Gene Name:
- ALDH3B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P43353
- Molecular Weight:
- 51839.245 Da
References
- Marchitti SA, Brocker C, Orlicky DJ, Vasiliou V: Molecular characterization, expression analysis, and role of ALDH3B1 in the cellular protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Nov 15;49(9):1432-43. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.004. Epub 2010 Aug 10. [20699116 ]
- General Function:
- Vitamin d binding
- Specific Function:
- May have weak glycosidase activity towards glucuronylated steroids. However, it lacks essential active site Glu residues at positions 239 and 872, suggesting it may be inactive as a glycosidase in vivo. May be involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis by inhibiting the synthesis of active vitamin D (By similarity). Essential factor for the specific interaction between FGF23 and FGFR1 (By similarity).The Klotho peptide generated by cleavage of the membrane-bound isoform may be an anti-aging circulating hormone which would extend life span by inhibiting insulin/IGF1 signaling.
- Gene Name:
- KL
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UEF7
- Molecular Weight:
- 116179.815 Da
References
- Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]
- General Function:
- Superoxide-generating nadph oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Constitutive NADPH oxidase which generates superoxide intracellularly upon formation of a complex with CYBA/p22phox. Regulates signaling cascades probably through phosphatases inhibition. May function as an oxygen sensor regulating the KCNK3/TASK-1 potassium channel and HIF1A activity. May regulate insulin signaling cascade. May play a role in apoptosis, bone resorption and lipolysaccharide-mediated activation of NFKB. May produce superoxide in the nucleus and play a role in regulating gene expression upon cell stimulation. Isoform 3 is not functional. Isoform 5 and isoform 6 display reduced activity.Isoform 4: Involved in redox signaling in vascular cells. Constitutively and NADPH-dependently generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Modulates the nuclear activation of ERK1/2 and the ELK1 transcription factor, and is capable of inducing nuclear DNA damage. Displays an increased activity relative to isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- NOX4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NPH5
- Molecular Weight:
- 66930.995 Da
References
- Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone-3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA).
- Gene Name:
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8TCC7
- Molecular Weight:
- 59855.585 Da
References
- Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]
From T3DB