Glutathione

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Catalyzes isomerization reactions that contribute to the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Efficiently catalyze obligatory double-bond isomerizations of delta(5)-androstene-3,17-dione and delta(5)-pregnene-3,20-dione, precursors to testosterone and progesterone, respectively.

Gene Name:

GSTA3

Uniprot ID:

Q16772

Molecular Weight:

25301.355 Da

References

1. McDonagh PD, Judah DJ, Hayes JD, Lian LY, Neal GE, Wolf CR, Roberts GC: Determinants of specificity for aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide in alpha-class glutathione S-transferases. Biochem J. 1999 Apr 1;339 ( Pt 1):95-101. [10085232 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

Gene Name:

GSTM1

Uniprot ID:

P09488

Molecular Weight:

25711.555 Da

References

1. Wang CH, Wu HT, Cheng HM, Yen TJ, Lu IH, Chang HC, Jao SC, Shing TK, Li WS: Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase M1 by new gabosine analogues is essential for overcoming cisplatin resistance in lung cancer cells. J Med Chem. 2011 Dec 22;54(24):8574-81. doi: 10.1021/jm201131n. Epub 2011 Nov 23. [22085405 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Active on 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.

Gene Name:

GSTM4

Uniprot ID:

Q03013

Molecular Weight:

25561.095 Da

References

1. Efferth T, Volm M: Glutathione-related enzymes contribute to resistance of tumor cells and low toxicity in normal organs to artesunate. In Vivo. 2005 Jan-Feb;19(1):225-32. [15796179 ]

General Function:

Glutathione hydrolase activity

Specific Function:

Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl bond of extracellular glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly), glutathione conjugates, and other gamma-glutamyl compounds. The metabolism of glutathione releases free glutamate and the dipeptide, cysteinyl-glycine, which is hydrolyzed to cysteine and glycine by dipeptidases. In the presence of high concentrations of dipeptides and some amino acids, can also catalyze a transpeptidation reaction, transferring the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid to form a new gamma-glutamyl compound. Initiates extracellular glutathione (GSH) breakdown, provides cells with a local cysteine supply and contributes to maintain intracellular GSH level. It is part of the cell antioxidant defense mechanism. Isoform 3 seems to be inactive.

Gene Name:

GGT1

Uniprot ID:

P19440

Molecular Weight:

61409.67 Da

References

1. Zhu Y, Carvey PM, Ling Z: Altered glutathione homeostasis in animals prenatally exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Neurochem Int. 2007 Mar;50(4):671-80. Epub 2007 Jan 13. [17291629 ]

General Function:

Protein n-terminus binding

Specific Function:

Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins.

Gene Name:

GLRX

Uniprot ID:

P35754

Molecular Weight:

11775.665 Da

References

1. Wang J, Pan S, Berk BC: Glutaredoxin mediates Akt and eNOS activation by flow in a glutathione reductase-dependent manner. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jun;27(6):1283-8. Epub 2007 Apr 12. [17431186 ]

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

Gene Name:

GSTA2

Uniprot ID:

P09210

Molecular Weight:

25663.675 Da

References

1. Gupta S, Sarotra P, Aggarwal R, Dutta N, Agnihotri N: Role of oxidative stress in celecoxib-induced renal damage in wistar rats. Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Nov;52(11):3092-8. Epub 2007 Mar 31. [17401685 ]

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Gene Name:

GSTA5

Uniprot ID:

Q7RTV2

Molecular Weight:

25721.725 Da

References

1. Kazi S, Ellis EM: Expression of rat liver glutathione-S-transferase GSTA5 in cell lines provides increased resistance to alkylating agents and toxic aldehydes. Chem Biol Interact. 2002 May 20;140(2):121-35. [12076520 ]

General Function:

Receptor binding

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

Gene Name:

GSTM2

Uniprot ID:

P28161

Molecular Weight:

25744.395 Da

References

1. Roh JY, Jung IH, Lee JY, Choi J: Toxic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on mortality, growth, reproduction and stress-related gene expression in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicology. 2007 Jul 31;237(1-3):126-33. Epub 2007 May 18. [17604895 ]

General Function:

Receptor binding

Specific Function:

Significant glutathione conjugating activity is found only with the model substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB).

Gene Name:

GSTK1

Uniprot ID:

Q9Y2Q3

Molecular Weight:

25496.625 Da

References

1. Klotz P, Slaoui-Hasnaoui A, Baneres JL, Duckert JF, Rossi JC, Kerbal A: Synthesis and glutathione S-transferase structure-affinity relationships of nonpeptide and peptidase-stable glutathione analogues. J Med Chem. 1998 Jun 18;41(13):2278-88. [9632361 ]

General Function:

Oxidoreductase activity

Specific Function:

Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity. Has high dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA).

Gene Name:

GSTO2

Uniprot ID:

Q9H4Y5

Molecular Weight:

28253.52 Da

References

1. Whitbread AK, Tetlow N, Eyre HJ, Sutherland GR, Board PG: Characterization of the human Omega class glutathione transferase genes and associated polymorphisms. Pharmacogenetics. 2003 Mar;13(3):131-44. [12618591 ]

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Acts on 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane, phenethylisothiocyanate 4-nitrobenzyl chloride and 4-nitrophenethyl bromide. Displays glutathione peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide.

Gene Name:

GSTT1

Uniprot ID:

P30711

Molecular Weight:

27334.755 Da

References

1. Jonsson LS, Broberg K, Bergendorf U, Axmon A, Littorin M, Jonsson BA: Levels of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) and effect modification of polymorphisms of glutathione-related genes in vulcanization workers in the southern Sweden rubber industries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007 Jul;80(7):589-98. Epub 2007 Feb 28. [17333241 ]

General Function:

Glutathione peroxidase activity

Gene Name:

GPX1

Uniprot ID:

Q6NSD4

Molecular Weight:

16179.36 Da

References

1. Sordillo LM, O'Boyle N, Gandy JC, Corl CM, Hamilton E: Shifts in thioredoxin reductase activity and oxidant status in mononuclear cells obtained from transition dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2007 Mar;90(3):1186-92. [17297093 ]

General Function:

Sh3 domain binding

Specific Function:

Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown.

Gene Name:

GPX1

Uniprot ID:

P07203

Molecular Weight:

22087.94 Da

References

1. Ursini F, Maiorino M: Native specific activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) does not differ between normo- and hypomotile human sperm samples. Int J Androl. 2005 Feb;28(1):61-2; author reply 63-4. [15679624 ]

General Function:

Glutathione peroxidase activity

Gene Name:

GPX6

Uniprot ID:

P59796

Molecular Weight:

24970.46 Da

References

1. Giovannini C, Scazzocchio B, Matarrese P, Vari R, D'Archivio M, Di Benedetto R, Casciani S, Dessi MR, Straface E, Malorni W, Masella R: Apoptosis induced by oxidized lipids is associated with up-regulation of p66Shc in intestinal Caco-2 cells: protective effects of phenolic compounds. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Feb;19(2):118-28. Epub 2007 Jun 27. [17588737 ]

General Function:

Nadp binding

Specific Function:

Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.

Gene Name:

GSR

Uniprot ID:

P00390

Molecular Weight:

56256.565 Da

References

1. Maity S, Roy S, Chaudhury S, Bhattacharya S: Antioxidant responses of the earthworm Lampito mauritii exposed to Pb and Zn contaminated soil. Environ Pollut. 2008 Jan;151(1):1-7. Epub 2007 May 23. [17512104 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Gene Name:

GSS

Uniprot ID:

P48637

Molecular Weight:

52384.325 Da

References

1. Bridges CC, Battle JR, Zalups RK: Transport of thiol-conjugates of inorganic mercury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 1;221(2):251-60. Epub 2007 Mar 23. [17467761 ]

General Function:

Metal ion binding

Specific Function:

Thiolesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione to form glutathione and D-lactic acid.

Gene Name:

HAGH

Uniprot ID:

Q16775

Molecular Weight:

33805.645 Da

References

1. Al-Timari A, Douglas KT: Inhibition by glutathione derivatives of bovine liver glyoxalase II (hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase) as a probe of the N- and S-sites for substrate binding. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Mar 28;870(2):219-25. [3955057 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

Bifunctional enzyme showing minimal glutathione-conjugating activity with ethacrynic acid and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity. Has also low glutathione peroxidase activity with T-butyl and cumene hydroperoxides. Is able to catalyze the glutathione dependent oxygenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid.

Gene Name:

GSTZ1

Uniprot ID:

O43708

Molecular Weight:

24212.005 Da

References

1. Lim CE, Matthaei KI, Blackburn AC, Davis RP, Dahlstrom JE, Koina ME, Anders MW, Board PG: Mice deficient in glutathione transferase zeta/maleylacetoacetate isomerase exhibit a range of pathological changes and elevated expression of alpha, mu, and pi class glutathione transferases. Am J Pathol. 2004 Aug;165(2):679-93. [15277241 ]

General Function:

Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity

Specific Function:

Protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation and cell death. Required for normal sperm development and male fertility. Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Essential for embryonic development. Protects from radiation and oxidative damage.

Gene Name:

GPX4

Uniprot ID:

P36969

Molecular Weight:

22174.52 Da

References

1. Nam SY, Baek IJ, Lee BJ, In CH, Jung EY, Yon JM, Ahn B, Kang JK, Yu WJ, Yun YW: Effects of 17beta-estradiol and tamoxifen on the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) mRNA expression in male reproductive organs of rats. J Reprod Dev. 2003 Oct;49(5):389-96. [14967915 ]

General Function:

S-formylglutathione hydrolase activity

Specific Function:

Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.

Gene Name:

ESD

Uniprot ID:

P10768

Molecular Weight:

31462.545 Da

References

1. Sabatier L, Hoffschir F, al Achkar WA, Turleau C, de Grouchy J, Dutrillaux B: The decrease of catalase or esterase D activity in patients with microdeletions of 11p or 13q does not increase their radiosensitivity. Ann Genet. 1989;32(3):144-8. [2554783 ]

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

Gene Name:

GSTA1

Uniprot ID:

P08263

Molecular Weight:

25630.785 Da

References

1. Soderdahl T, Kuppers-Munther B, Heins N, Edsbagge J, Bjorquist P, Cotgreave I, Jernstrom B: Glutathione transferases in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Aug;21(5):929-37. Epub 2007 Feb 2. [17346923 ]

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

Gene Name:

GSTM5

Uniprot ID:

P46439

Molecular Weight:

25674.455 Da

References

1. Rao AV, Shaha C: Multiple glutathione S-transferase isoforms are present on male germ cell plasma membrane. FEBS Lett. 2001 Oct 26;507(2):174-80. [11684093 ]

General Function:

Protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity

Specific Function:

Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis upon induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Involved in response to hydrogen peroxide and regulation of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Acts as a very efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions because of its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides. Can receive electrons not only from glutathione (GSH), but also from thioredoxin reductase supporting both monothiol and dithiol reactions. Efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, which in turn regulates the superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression decreases the susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents loss of cardiolipin and cytochrome c release.

Gene Name:

GLRX2

Uniprot ID:

Q9NS18

Molecular Weight:

18051.515 Da

References

1. Sheng J, Ye J, Rosen BP: Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Escherichia coliglutaredoxin 2 in complex with glutathione and of a cysteine-less variant without glutathione. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Apr 1;63(Pt 4):280-2. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [17401194 ]

General Function:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor activity

Specific Function:

Receptor for thyrothropin. Plays a central role in controlling thyroid cell metabolism. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase. Also acts as a receptor for thyrostimulin (GPA2+GPB5).

Gene Name:

TSHR

Uniprot ID:

P16473

Molecular Weight:

86828.965 Da

References

1. Board PG, Baker RT, Chelvanayagam G, Jermiin LS: Zeta, a novel class of glutathione transferases in a range of species from plants to humans. Biochem J. 1997 Dec 15;328 ( Pt 3):929-35. [9396740 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the testis and brain blood barriers.

Gene Name:

GSTM3

Uniprot ID:

P21266

Molecular Weight:

26559.32 Da

References

1. Moore LE, Brennan P, Karami S, Hung RJ, Hsu C, Boffetta P, Toro J, Zaridze D, Janout V, Bencko V, Navratilova M, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mates D, Mukeria A, Holcatova I, Welch R, Chanock S, Rothman N, Chow WH: Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, cruciferous vegetable intake and cancer risk in the Central and Eastern European Kidney Cancer Study. Carcinogenesis. 2007 Sep;28(9):1960-4. Epub 2007 Jul 7. [17617661 ]

General Function:

Oxidoreductase activity

Specific Function:

Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Has S-(phenacyl)glutathione reductase activity. Has also glutathione S-transferase activity. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsonic acid.

Gene Name:

GSTO1

Uniprot ID:

P78417

Molecular Weight:

27565.6 Da

References

1. Harju TH, Peltoniemi MJ, Rytila PH, Soini Y, Salmenkivi KM, Board PG, Ruddock LW, Kinnula VL: Glutathione S-transferase omega in the lung and sputum supernatants of COPD patients. Respir Res. 2007 Jul 6;8:48. [17617905 ]

General Function:

Transcription factor binding

Specific Function:

Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione.

Gene Name:

GPX3

Uniprot ID:

P22352

Molecular Weight:

25552.185 Da

References

1. Carmeli E, Bachar A, Barchad S: Biochemical assessments of total antioxidant status in active and nonactive female adults with intellectual disability. Res Sports Med. 2007 Apr-Jun;15(2):93-101. [17578749 ]

General Function:

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function:

Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione. Involved in the regulation of TNF-induced transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B. Required for normal osteoclastogenesis.

Gene Name:

GLO1

Uniprot ID:

Q04760

Molecular Weight:

20777.515 Da

References

1. Deponte M, Sturm N, Mittler S, Harner M, Mack H, Becker K: Allosteric coupling of two different functional active sites in monomeric Plasmodium falciparum glyoxalase I. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 28;282(39):28419-30. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [17664277 ]

General Function:

Lipid binding

Specific Function:

Catalyzes the conjugation of leukotriene A4 with reduced glutathione to form leukotriene C4.

Gene Name:

LTC4S

Uniprot ID:

Q16873

Molecular Weight:

16566.465 Da

References

1. Ago H, Kanaoka Y, Irikura D, Lam BK, Shimamura T, Austen KF, Miyano M: Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. Nature. 2007 Aug 2;448(7153):609-12. Epub 2007 Jul 15. [17632548 ]

General Function:

Glutathione transferase activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Has a wide substrate specificity.

Gene Name:

MGST1

Uniprot ID:

P10620

Molecular Weight:

17598.45 Da

References

1. Busenlehner LS, Alander J, Jegerscohld C, Holm PJ, Bhakat P, Hebert H, Morgenstern R, Armstrong RN: Location of substrate binding sites within the integral membrane protein microsomal glutathione transferase-1. Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 13;46(10):2812-22. Epub 2007 Feb 13. [17297922 ]

General Function:

Peroxidase activity

Gene Name:

GPX8

Uniprot ID:

Q8TED1

Molecular Weight:

23880.83 Da

References

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]

General Function:

Protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) activity

Specific Function:

Possesses significant protein thiol-disulfide oxidase activity.

Gene Name:

TXNDC12

Uniprot ID:

O95881

Molecular Weight:

19205.615 Da

References

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]

General Function:

Glutathione peroxidase activity

Specific Function:

Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids.

Gene Name:

GPX5

Uniprot ID:

O75715

Molecular Weight:

25202.14 Da

References

1. Koh CS, Didierjean C, Navrot N, Panjikar S, Mulliert G, Rouhier N, Jacquot JP, Aubry A, Shawkataly O, Corbier C: Crystal structures of a poplar thioredoxin peroxidase that exhibits the structure of glutathione peroxidases: insights into redox-driven conformational changes. J Mol Biol. 2007 Jul 13;370(3):512-29. Epub 2007 Apr 19. [17531267 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. This isozyme has a high catalytic efficiency with 4-hydroxyalkenals such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE).

Gene Name:

GSTA4

Uniprot ID:

O15217

Molecular Weight:

25703.905 Da

References

1. Gallagher EP, Huisden CM, Gardner JL: Transfection of HepG2 cells with hGSTA4 provides protection against 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated oxidative injury. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Dec;21(8):1365-72. Epub 2007 Apr 27. [17553661 ]

General Function:

Glutathione peroxidase activity

Specific Function:

Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not phosphatidycholine hydroperoxide, can act as acceptors.

Gene Name:

GPX2

Uniprot ID:

P18283

Molecular Weight:

21953.835 Da

References

1. Walshe J, Serewko-Auret MM, Teakle N, Cameron S, Minto K, Smith L, Burcham PC, Russell T, Strutton G, Griffin A, Chu FF, Esworthy S, Reeve V, Saunders NA: Inactivation of glutathione peroxidase activity contributes to UV-induced squamous cell carcinoma formation. Cancer Res. 2007 May 15;67(10):4751-8. [17510403 ]

General Function:

Peroxidase activity

Specific Function:

It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks.

Gene Name:

GPX7

Uniprot ID:

Q96SL4

Molecular Weight:

20995.88 Da

References

1. Giovannini C, Scazzocchio B, Matarrese P, Vari R, D'Archivio M, Di Benedetto R, Casciani S, Dessi MR, Straface E, Malorni W, Masella R: Apoptosis induced by oxidized lipids is associated with up-regulation of p66Shc in intestinal Caco-2 cells: protective effects of phenolic compounds. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Feb;19(2):118-28. Epub 2007 Jun 27. [17588737 ]

General Function:

Leukotriene-c4 synthase activity

Specific Function:

Can catalyze the production of LTC4 from LTA4 and reduced glutathione. Can catalyze the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with reduced glutathione.

Gene Name:

MGST2

Uniprot ID:

Q99735

Molecular Weight:

16620.4 Da

References

1. Ago H, Kanaoka Y, Irikura D, Lam BK, Shimamura T, Austen KF, Miyano M: Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. Nature. 2007 Aug 2;448(7153):609-12. Epub 2007 Jul 15. [17632548 ]

General Function:

Peroxidase activity

Specific Function:

Also functions as a glutathione peroxidase.

Gene Name:

MGST3

Uniprot ID:

O14880

Molecular Weight:

16516.185 Da

References

1. Ago H, Kanaoka Y, Irikura D, Lam BK, Shimamura T, Austen KF, Miyano M: Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. Nature. 2007 Aug 2;448(7153):609-12. Epub 2007 Jul 15. [17632548 ]

General Function:

Protein homodimerization activity

Specific Function:

Bifunctional enzyme which catalyzes both the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and the conjugation of glutathione with a wide range of aryl halides and organic isothiocyanates. Also exhibits low glutathione-peroxidase activity towards cumene hydroperoxide.

Gene Name:

HPGDS

Uniprot ID:

O60760

Molecular Weight:

23343.65 Da

References

1. Urade Y, Kitahama K, Ohishi H, Kaneko T, Mizuno N, Hayaishi O: Dominant expression of mRNA for prostaglandin D synthase in leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and oligodendrocytes of the adult rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):9070-4. [8415655 ]

General Function:

S-nitrosoglutathione binding

Specific Function:

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.

Gene Name:

GSTP1

Uniprot ID:

P09211

Molecular Weight:

23355.625 Da

References

1. Kadokawa Y, Ohba K, Omagari K, Akazawa S, Hayashida K, Ohnita K, Takeshima F, Mizuta Y, Kohno S: Intracellular balance of oxidative stress and cytoprotective molecules in damaged interlobular bile ducts in autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: In situ detection of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and glutathione-S-transferase-pi. Hepatol Res. 2007 Aug;37(8):620-7. Epub 2007 May 22. [17517071 ]

General Function:

Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity

Specific Function:

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide (PubMed:11159812). Catalyzes 4-beta-hydroxylation of cholesterol. May catalyze 25-hydroxylation of cholesterol in vitro (PubMed:21576599).

Gene Name:

CYP3A4

Uniprot ID:

P08684

Molecular Weight:

57342.67 Da

References

1. Davydov DR, Davydova NY, Tsalkova TN, Halpert JR: Effect of glutathione on homo- and heterotropic cooperativity in cytochrome P450 3A4. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Mar 15;471(2):134-45. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.001. Epub 2008 Jan 11. [18206979 ]

General Function:

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function:

May play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments. Degrades fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide.

Gene Name:

MMP9

Uniprot ID:

P14780

Molecular Weight:

78457.51 Da

References

1. Pei P, Horan MP, Hille R, Hemann CF, Schwendeman SP, Mallery SR: Reduced nonprotein thiols inhibit activation and function of MMP-9: implications for chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Oct 15;41(8):1315-24. Epub 2006 Jul 15. [17015178 ]

General Function:

Glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activity

Specific Function:

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies.

Gene Name:

AKR1B1

Uniprot ID:

P15121

Molecular Weight:

35853.125 Da