2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine
Relevant Data
Food Additives Approved in the United States:
Food Additives Approved by WHO:
General Information
| Chemical name | 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine |
| CAS number | 51-67-2 |
| COE number | 709 |
| JECFA number | 1590 |
| Flavouring type | substances |
| FL No. | 11.007 |
| Mixture | No |
| Purity of the named substance at least 95% unless otherwise specified | |
| Reference body | EFSA |
From webgate.ec.europa.eu
Computed Descriptors
Download SDF| 2D Structure | |
| CID | 5610 |
| IUPAC Name | 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C8H11NO/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8(10)4-2-7/h1-4,10H,5-6,9H2 |
| InChI Key | DZGWFCGJZKJUFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Canonical SMILES | C1=CC(=CC=C1CCN)O |
| Molecular Formula | C8H11NO |
| Wikipedia | tyramine |
From Pubchem
Computed Properties
| Property Name | Property Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 137.182 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 2 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 2 |
| Complexity | 87.3 |
| CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint | A A A D c c B y I A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A w A A A A A A A A A A A B A A A A H g A Q C A A A D A T B m A Q w B o B A A g C A A i B C A A A C A A A g I A A I i I A G C I g I J i K C k R O A c A A k 0 B E I m A e Q w I A O I A A A A A A A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A = = |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 46.2 |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 137.084 |
| Exact Mass | 137.084 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | True |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 10 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
From Pubchem
Food Additives Biosynthesis/Degradation
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Classification
| Model | Result | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | BBB+ | 0.5077 |
| Human Intestinal Absorption | HIA+ | 0.9865 |
| Caco-2 Permeability | Caco2+ | 0.6439 |
| P-glycoprotein Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6248 |
| P-glycoprotein Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9787 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.9246 | |
| Renal Organic Cation Transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.6182 |
| Distribution | ||
| Subcellular localization | Lysosome | 0.5368 |
| Metabolism | ||
| CYP450 2C9 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.8558 |
| CYP450 2D6 Substrate | Substrate | 0.5417 |
| CYP450 3A4 Substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7499 |
| CYP450 1A2 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9045 |
| CYP450 2C9 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9361 |
| CYP450 2D6 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9231 |
| CYP450 2C19 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9044 |
| CYP450 3A4 Inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8495 |
| CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.7840 |
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene Inhibition | Weak inhibitor | 0.6004 |
| Non-inhibitor | 0.7751 | |
| AMES Toxicity | Non AMES toxic | 0.5395 |
| Carcinogens | Non-carcinogens | 0.7823 |
| Fish Toxicity | Low FHMT | 0.8113 |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | Low TPT | 0.9480 |
| Honey Bee Toxicity | High HBT | 0.5302 |
| Biodegradation | Ready biodegradable | 0.5855 |
| Acute Oral Toxicity | II | 0.6377 |
| Carcinogenicity (Three-class) | Non-required | 0.7249 |
From admetSAR
ADMET Predicted Profile --- Regression
| Model | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | ||
| Aqueous solubility | -1.0573 | LogS |
| Caco-2 Permeability | 0.9409 | LogPapp, cm/s |
| Distribution | ||
| Metabolism | ||
| Excretion | ||
| Toxicity | ||
| Rat Acute Toxicity | 2.3416 | LD50, mol/kg |
| Fish Toxicity | 2.4609 | pLC50, mg/L |
| Tetrahymena Pyriformis Toxicity | -0.5791 | pIGC50, ug/L |
From admetSAR
Toxicity Profile
| Route of Exposure | |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Tyramine is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen. |
| Metabolism | Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of OP exposure. |
| Toxicity Values | |
| Lethal Dose | |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Minimum Risk Level | |
| Health Effects | Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides. |
| Treatment | If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally. |
| Reference |
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From T3DB
Taxonomic Classification
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Benzenoids |
| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
| Subclass | Phenethylamines |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Phenethylamines |
| Alternative Parents | |
| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Phenethylamine - 2-arylethylamine - 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid - Aralkylamine - Phenol - Organic nitrogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Primary amine - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Primary aliphatic amine - Amine - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenethylamines. These are compounds containing a phenethylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the second position by an ethan-1-amine. |
From ClassyFire
Targets
- General Function:
- Potassium channel regulator activity
- Specific Function:
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name:
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID:
- P14416
- Molecular Weight:
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Wilcox RE, Tseng T, Brusniak MY, Ginsburg B, Pearlman RS, Teeter M, DuRand C, Starr S, Neve KA: CoMFA-based prediction of agonist affinities at recombinant D1 vs D2 dopamine receptors. J Med Chem. 1998 Oct 22;41(22):4385-99. [9784114 ]
- General Function:
- Signal transducer activity
- Specific Function:
- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
- Gene Name:
- GNA15
- Uniprot ID:
- P30679
- Molecular Weight:
- 43567.615 Da
References
- Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK: BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D198-201. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [17145705 ]
- General Function:
- Trace-amine receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Receptor for trace amines, including beta-phenylethylamine (b-PEA), p-tyramine (p-TYR), octopamine and tryptamine, with highest affinity for b-PEA and p-TYR. Unresponsive to classical biogenic amines, such as epinephrine and histamine and only partially activated by dopamine and serotonine. Trace amines are biogenic amines present in very low levels in mammalian tissues. Although some trace amines have clearly defined roles as neurotransmitters in invertebrates, the extent to which they function as true neurotransmitters in vertebrates has remained speculative. Trace amines are likely to be involved in a variety of physiological functions that have yet to be fully understood. The signal transduced by this receptor is mediated by the G(s)-class of G-proteins which activate adenylate cyclase.
- Gene Name:
- TAAR1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96RJ0
- Molecular Weight:
- 39091.34 Da
References
- Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK: BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D198-201. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [17145705 ]
- General Function:
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name:
- DRD1
- Uniprot ID:
- P21728
- Molecular Weight:
- 49292.765 Da
References
- Wilcox RE, Tseng T, Brusniak MY, Ginsburg B, Pearlman RS, Teeter M, DuRand C, Starr S, Neve KA: CoMFA-based prediction of agonist affinities at recombinant D1 vs D2 dopamine receptors. J Med Chem. 1998 Oct 22;41(22):4385-99. [9784114 ]
From T3DB