Propionic acid

General Function:

Molybdopterin molybdotransferase activity

Specific Function:

Microtubule-associated protein involved in membrane protein-cytoskeleton interactions. It is thought to anchor the inhibitory glycine receptor (GLYR) to subsynaptic microtubules (By similarity). Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.

Gene Name:

GPHN

Uniprot ID:

Q9NQX3

Molecular Weight:

79747.635 Da

References

1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [10592235 ]

General Function:

Lipid binding

Specific Function:

G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin-sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha family of G proteins but also to the Gq family (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604, PubMed:23589301). Its activation results in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the phosphorylation of the MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2 kinases and the inhibition of intracellular cAMP accumulation. May play a role in glucose homeostasis by regulating the secretion of GLP-1, in response to short-chain fatty acids accumulating in the intestine. May also regulate the production of LEP/Leptin, a hormone acting on the central nervous system to inhibit food intake. Finally, may also regulate whole-body energy homeostasis through adipogenesis regulating both differentiation and lipid storage of adipocytes. In parallel to its role in energy homeostasis, may also mediate the activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by SCFA in the intestine, regulating the rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. May also play a role in the resolution of the inflammatory response and control chemotaxis in neutrophils. In addition to SCFAs, may also be activated by the extracellular lectin FCN1 in a process leading to activation of monocytes and inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8 in response to the presence of microbes (PubMed:21037097). Among SCFAs, the fatty acids containing less than 6 carbons, the most potent activators are probably acetate, propionate and butyrate (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604). Exhibits a SCFA-independent constitutive G protein-coupled receptor activity (PubMed:23066016).

Gene Name:

FFAR2

Uniprot ID:

O15552

Molecular Weight:

37143.375 Da

References

1. Wang Y, Jiao X, Kayser F, Liu J, Wang Z, Wanska M, Greenberg J, Weiszmann J, Ge H, Tian H, Wong S, Schwandner R, Lee T, Li Y: The first synthetic agonists of FFA2: Discovery and SAR of phenylacetamides as allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jan 15;20(2):493-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.112. Epub 2009 Nov 26. [20005104 ]

General Function:

Chloride peroxidase activity

Gene Name:

cpo

Uniprot ID:

O31158

Molecular Weight:

29651.125 Da

General Function:

Hydrolase activity

Gene Name:

cumD

Uniprot ID:

P96965

Molecular Weight:

31489.385 Da

General Function:

Pyridoxal phosphate binding

Specific Function:

Catalyzes the interconversion of L-alanine and D-alanine. Also weakly active on serine.

Gene Name:

alr

Uniprot ID:

P10724

Molecular Weight:

43592.715 Da