ETHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Relevant Data
Food Additives Approved in the United States
Flavouring Substances Approved by European Union:
Food Additives Approved by European Union:
General Information
| Synonyms: | ETHYL p-OXYBENZOATE, ETHYLPARABEN |
| Chemical Names: | ETHYL ESTER OF p-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID; ETHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE |
| CAS number: | 120-47-8 |
| INS: | 214 |
| Functional Class: |
Food Additives PRESERVATIVE |
From apps.who.int
Evaluations
| Evaluation year: | 1973 |
| ADI: | 0-10 mg/kg bw |
| Meeting: | 17 |
| Specs Code: | R (1995) |
| Comments: | Group ADI as the sum of the ethyl and methyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. In view of the adverse effects in male rats, propyl paraben (propyl p-hydroxybenzoate) was excluded from the group ADI for the parabens used in food (TRS 940-JECFA 67/30, 2006) |
| Report: | NMRS 53/TRS 539-JECFA 17/17 |
| Tox Monograph: | FAS 5/NMRS 53A-JECFA 17/81 |
| Specification: | COMPENDIUM ADDENDUM 6/FNP 52 Add.6/57 (1998). R; FAO JECFA Monographs 1 vol.2/23 |
From apps.who.int
GSFA Provisions for ETHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
| Number | Food Category | Max Level | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14.2.7 | Aromatized alcoholic beverages (e.g. beer, wine and spirituous cooler-type beverages, low alcoholic refreshers) |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 224,Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.7 | Candied fruit |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 01.6.5 | Cheese analogues |
500 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 05.3 | Chewing gum |
1,500 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 14.2.2 | Cider and perry |
200 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 05.1.3 | Cocoa-based spreads, including fillings |
300 mg/kg | Note XS86,Note 27 |
| 14.1.5 | Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions, and other hot cereal and grain beverages, excluding cocoa |
450 mg/kg | Note 160,Note 27 |
| 05.2 | Confectionery including hard and soft candy, nougats, etc. other than food categories 05.1, 05.3 and 05.4 |
1,000 mg/kg | Note XS309R,Note 27 |
| 01.7 | Dairy-based desserts (e.g. pudding, fruit or flavoured yoghurt) |
120 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 05.4 | Decorations (e.g. for fine bakery wares), toppings (non-fruit) and sweet sauces |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.2 | Dried fruit |
800 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 08.4 | Edible casings (e.g. sausage casings) |
36 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 02.3 | Fat emulsions mainly of type oil-in-water, including mixed and/or flavoured products based on fat emulsions |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 02.2.2 | Fat spreads, dairy fat spreads and blended spreads |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.10 | Fermented fruit products |
800 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.2.2.7 | Fermented vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera) and seaweed products, excluding fermented soybean products of food categories 06.8.6, 06.8.7, 12.9.1, 12.9.2.1 and 12.9.2.3 |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 07.2 | Fine bakery wares (sweet, salty, savoury) and mixes |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.11 | Fruit fillings for pastries |
800 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.3 | Fruit in vinegar, oil, or brine |
250 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.8 | Fruit preparations, including pulp, purees, fruit toppings and coconut milk |
800 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.9 | Fruit-based desserts, including fruit-flavoured water-based desserts |
800 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.6 | Fruit-based spreads (e.g. chutney) excluding products of food category 04.1.2.5 |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 05.1.5 | Imitation chocolate, chocolate substitute products |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.1.2.5 | Jams, jellies, marmelades |
250 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 14.2.5 | Mead |
200 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 12.4 | Mustards |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 11.4 | Other sugars and syrups (e.g. xylose, maple syrup, sugar toppings) |
100 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 01.6.4 | Processed cheese |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 15.2 | Processed nuts, including coated nuts and nut mixtures (with e.g. dried fruit) |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 12.6 | Sauces and like products |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 09.3 | Semi-preserved fish and fish products, including mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 15.1 | Snacks - potato, cereal, flour or starch based (from roots and tubers, pulses and legumes) |
300 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.2.2.6 | Vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweed, and nut and seed pulps and preparations (e.g. vegetable desserts and sauces, candied vegetables) other than food category 04.2.2.5 |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.2.2.5 | Vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweed, and nut and seed purees and spreads (e.g., peanut butter) |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 04.2.2.3 | Vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), and seaweeds in vinegar, oil, brine, or soybean sauce |
1,000 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 12.3 | Vinegars |
100 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 14.1.4 | Water-based flavoured drinks, including "sport," "energy," or "electrolyte" drinks and particulated drinks |
500 mg/kg | Note 27 |
| 14.2.4 | Wines (other than grape) |
200 mg/kg | Note 27 |
From www.fao.org
Toxicity Profile
| Route of Exposure | None |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | None |
| Metabolism | None |
| Toxicity Values | None |
| Lethal Dose | None |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Minimum Risk Level | None |
| Health Effects | None |
| Treatment | None |
| Reference |
|
From T3DB
Targets
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03372
- Molecular Weight:
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.
- Gene Name:
- CA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P00915
- Molecular Weight:
- 28870.0 Da
References
- Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15;21(6):1564-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.019. Epub 2012 May 17. [22668600 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.
- Gene Name:
- CA12
- Uniprot ID:
- O43570
- Molecular Weight:
- 39450.615 Da
References
- Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15;21(6):1564-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.019. Epub 2012 May 17. [22668600 ]
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.
- Gene Name:
- CA14
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9ULX7
- Molecular Weight:
- 37667.37 Da
References
- Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15;21(6):1564-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.019. Epub 2012 May 17. [22668600 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrate cyanamide to urea. Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption. Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6.
- Gene Name:
- CA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P00918
- Molecular Weight:
- 29245.895 Da
References
- Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15;21(6):1564-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.019. Epub 2012 May 17. [22668600 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.
- Gene Name:
- CA7
- Uniprot ID:
- P43166
- Molecular Weight:
- 29658.235 Da
References
- Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15;21(6):1564-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.019. Epub 2012 May 17. [22668600 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Participates in pH regulation. May be involved in the control of cell proliferation and transformation. Appears to be a novel specific biomarker for a cervical neoplasia.
- Gene Name:
- CA9
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16790
- Molecular Weight:
- 49697.36 Da
References
- Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15;21(6):1564-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.019. Epub 2012 May 17. [22668600 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner (PubMed:20074560). Isoform beta-cx lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ere binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. DNA-binding by ESR1 and ESR2 is rapidly lost at 37 degrees Celsius in the absence of ligand while in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen loss in DNA-binding at elevated temperature is more gradual.
- Gene Name:
- ESR2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q92731
- Molecular Weight:
- 59215.765 Da
References
- Watanabe Y, Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Uramaru N, Ohta S, Kitamura S: Comparative study on transcriptional activity of 17 parabens mediated by estrogen receptor alpha and beta and androgen receptor. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Jul;57:227-34. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.036. Epub 2013 Apr 6. [23567241 ]
From T3DB